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Commit 4a274a74 authored by Peter Gerwinski's avatar Peter Gerwinski
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Vorbereitung 2.11.2023

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% dbs-20221102.pdf - Lecture Slides on Databases and Information Security
% Copyright (C) 2023 Peter Gerwinski
%
% This document is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
% modify it either under the terms of the Creative Commons
% Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License, or under the terms of the
% GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
% Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
% any later version.
%
% This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
% MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
% GNU General Public License for more details.
%
% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
% along with this document. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
%
% You should have received a copy of the Creative Commons
% Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License along with this
% document. If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/>.
% README: Kurzeinführung TCP/IP
\documentclass[10pt,t]{beamer}
\usepackage{pgslides}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{rotating}
\newcommand{\vfilll}{\vspace{0pt plus 1filll}}
\newcommand{\underconstruction}{%
\begin{picture}(0,0)
\put(11,1.2){\makebox(0,0)[b]{\includegraphics[width=1.5cm]{Zeichen_123.pdf}}}
\put(11,0.9){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\shortstack{Änderungen\\vorbehalten}}}
\end{picture}}
\title{Datenbanken und Datensicherheit}
\author{Prof.\ Dr.\ rer.\ nat.\ Peter Gerwinski}
\date{2.\ November 2023}
\definecolor{ethernet}{rgb}{0.95,0.95,0.95}
\definecolor{ip}{rgb}{0.85,0.85,1.0}
\definecolor{tcp}{rgb}{0.925,1.0,0.925}
\definecolor{data}{rgb}{1.0,0.85,0.85}
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\begin{document}
\maketitleframe
\nosectionnonumber{\inserttitle}
\begin{frame}
\shownosectionnonumber
\begin{itemize}
\item[\textbf{1}] \textbf{Einführung}
\hfill\makebox(0,0)[br]{\raisebox{2.25ex}{\url{https://gitlab.cvh-server.de/pgerwinski/dbs}}}%
\item[\textbf{2}] \textbf{Kurzeinführung Unix}
\item[\textbf{3}] \textbf{Kurzeinführung TCP/IP}
\begin{itemize}
\color{medgreen}
\item[3.1] IP-Adressen
\item[3.2] MAC-Adressen
\item[3.3] TCP- und UDP-Ports
\color{red}
\item[3.4] TCP-Protokolle
\item[3.5] Routing
\item[3.6] Netzwerkanalyse
\item[3.7] SSH
\item[3.8] X11
\end{itemize}
\item[\textbf{4}] \textbf{Relationale Datenbanken}
\vspace*{-\smallskipamount}
\item[\textbf{\dots}]
\end{itemize}
\vfilll
\underconstruction
\end{frame}
\setcounter{section}{2}
\section{Kurzeinführung TCP/IP}
\subsection{IP-Adressen}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\showsubsection
\begin{itemize}
\item \lstinline[style=cmd]{ip addr} (Linux)\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{ifconfig} (Unix allgemein)\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{ipconfig} (MS Windows)
\item \lstinline[style=cmd]{ip addr add <Netz>}
% \\
% Beispiel:
% \lstinline[style=cmd]{ip addr add 192.168.2.197/24}\\
% \includegraphics[width=7cm]{../20171026/photo-20171026-142620.jpg}
\item \lstinline[style=cmd]{ip link}
\item \lstinline[style=cmd]{ping <IP-Adresse>}
\end{itemize}
\medskip
\begin{lstlisting}[style=terminal]
# ifconfig
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
[...]
wlan0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.42.101 netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 192.168.42.255
ether be:3f:ca:aa:7e:51 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
[...]
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\showsubsection
IPv4-Adressen:
\begin{itemize}
\item
32 Bit
\item
dezimal, 4 Gruppen zu je 8 Bit (0--255), durch Punkte getrennt
\end{itemize}
\medskip
IPv6-Adressen:
\begin{itemize}
\item
128 Bit
\item
hexadezimal, 8 Gruppen zu je 4 Hex-Ziffern, durch Doppelpunkte getrennt
\item
Führende Nullen dürfen weggelassen werden.
\item
Zwei Dopppelpunkte bedeuten: Mit Nullen auffüllen.
\item
Literatur und Beispiel: \url{https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{MAC-Adressen}
\begin{frame}
\showsubsection
MAC = Media Access Control
\smallskip
MAC-Adresse = Hardware-Adresse = Ethernet-Adresse
\begin{itemize}
\item \lstinline[style=cmd]{ip neig}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{arp}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{TCP- und UDP-Ports}
\begin{frame}
\showsubsection
\begin{itemize}
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{nc <IP> <Port>}\\
Verbindung zu Programm $\langle$Port$\rangle$
auf Rechner $\langle$IP$\rangle$ aufnehmen
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{nc -l <Port>}
oder
\lstinline[style=cmd]{nc -p <Port> -l}\\
auf eingehende Verbindungen warten ("`lauschen"')
\medskip
\item
TCP-Ports: Verbindungskonzept, Netzwerk prüft
\item
UDP-Ports: einzelne Pakete, Anwendung muß selbst prüfen
\item
ICMP: keine Ports, nur Rechner:\\
Erreichbarkeit, Eigenschaften der Übertragung
\end{itemize}
\medskip
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|l|}\hline
Anwendung: HTTP, SMTP, \dots \\\hline
Transport: TCP-/UDP-Ports, ICMP \\\hline
Internet: IP-Adresse \\\hline
Netzwerkzugang: Hardware-/MAC-Adresse \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(8,8.7)(0,3)
\put(0,0){\color{ethernet}\rule{8cm}{9cm}}
\put(0,3){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(0,3){\line(0,1){9}}
\put(0,12){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(8,3){\line(0,1){9}}
\put(0,4){\line(1,0){8.0}}
\put(0,11){\line(1,0){8.0}}
\put(4,11.5){\makebox(0,0){Ethernet-Vorspann}}
\put(4,3.5){\makebox(0,0){Ethernet-Nachspann}}
\put(4,10.75){\makebox(0,0){Ethernet-Nutzdaten}}
\put(0.2,4.1){\color{ip}\rule{7.6cm}{6.4cm}}
\put(0.2,4.1){\line(1,0){7.6}}
\put(0.2,4.1){\line(0,1){6.4}}
\put(0.2,10.5){\line(1,0){7.6}}
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\put(0.2,9.5){\line(1,0){7.6}}
\put(4,9.25){\makebox(0,0){IP-Nutzdaten}}
\put(0.4,4.2){\color{tcp}\rule{7.2cm}{4.8cm}}
\put(0.4,4.2){\line(1,0){7.2}}
\put(0.4,4.2){\line(0,1){4.8}}
\put(0.4,9.0){\line(1,0){7.2}}
\put(7.6,4.2){\line(0,1){4.8}}
\put(4,8.5){\makebox(0,0){TCP-Vorspann}}
\put(0.4,8.0){\line(1,0){7.2}}
\put(4,7.75){\makebox(0,0){TCP-Nutzdaten}}
\put(0.6,4.3){\color{data}\rule{6.8cm}{3.2cm}}
\put(0.6,4.3){\line(1,0){6.8}}
\put(0.6,4.3){\line(0,1){3.2}}
\put(0.6,7.5){\line(1,0){6.8}}
\put(7.4,4.3){\line(0,1){3.2}}
\put(4,7.0){\makebox(0,0){usw.}}
\put(4,5.9){\makebox(0,0){Nutzdaten}}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
Ethernet-Frame: transportiert IP-Paket
\def\headercolor{ethernet}
\def\datacolor{ip}
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.3333cm}%
\setlength{\baselineskip}{3\unitlength}\par
% \label{...}%
% \begin{picture}(0,0)
% \put(0,0){\makebox(0,0){\footnotesize$\overbrace{\rule{32\unitlength}{0pt}}^{\mbox{32 Bit}}$}}
% \put(20,-3){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{9.25\unitlength}\right\}$ TCP-Header}}
% \put(20.15,-21){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{1.75\unitlength}\right\}$ TCP-Nutzdaten}}
% \end{picture}\\*
\headerbox{byte}%
\byteno{0}\byteno{}\byteno{}\byteno{}\byteno{4}\byteno{}\byteno{}\byteno{}\\*
\vbitno{0}\bitbox{14}{preamble}\bitbox{2}{\shortstack{S\\F\\D}}\\*
\vbitno{8}\bitbox{12}{destination MAC address}\emptybox{4}{3}{}\\*
\vbitno{14}\bitbox{12}{source MAC address}\emptybox{4}{3}{}\\*
\vbitno{20}\bitbox{8}{tag}\bitbox{4}{type}\emptybox{4}{3}{}\\*
\vbitno{26}\databitbox{12}{data}\emptybox{4}{3}{}\\*
\vbitno{}\bitbox{4}{padding}\bitbox{8}{CRC}\emptybox{4}{3}{}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
IP-Paket: transportiert TCP-Datagramm, UDP- oder ICMP-Paket
\def\headercolor{ip}
\def\datacolor{tcp}
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.3333cm}%
\setlength{\baselineskip}{3\unitlength}\par
\label{IPv4-Header}%
% \begin{picture}(0,0)
% \put(0,0){\makebox(0,0){\footnotesize$\overbrace{\rule{32\unitlength}{0pt}}^{\mbox{32 Bit}}$}}
% \put(20,-3){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{9.25\unitlength}\right\}$ IPv4-Header}}
% \put(20.15,-21){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{1.75\unitlength}\right\}$ IPv4-Nutzlast}}
% \end{picture}\\*
\headerbox{bit}%
\bitno{0}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}%
\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{15}%
\bitno{16}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}%
\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{31}\\*
\vbitno{0}\bitbox{4}{version}%
\bitbox{4}{\shortstack{IP header\\length}}%
\bitbox{8}{type of service}%
\bitbox{16}{total length}\\*
\vbitno{32}\bitbox{16}{identification}%
\bitbox{1}{\begin{rotate}{90}\makebox(0,0){\scriptsize reserved}\end{rotate}}%
\bitbox{1}{\shortstack{D\\F}}%
\bitbox{1}{\shortstack{M\\F}}%
\bitbox{13}{fragment offset}\\*
\vbitno{64}\bitbox{8}{time to live}%
\bitbox{8}{protocol}%
\bitbox{16}{header checksum}\\*
\vbitno{96}\bitbox{32}{source address}\\*
\vbitno{128}\bitbox{32}{destination address}\\*
\vbitno{160}\flexbitbox{32}{options and padding (optional)}\\*
\vbitno{}\databitbox{32}{data}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
TCP-Datagramm: transportiert Anwendungsdaten
\def\headercolor{tcp}
\def\datacolor{data}
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.3333cm}%
\setlength{\baselineskip}{3\unitlength}\par
\label{TCP-Header}%
% \begin{picture}(0,0)
% \put(0,0){\makebox(0,0){\footnotesize$\overbrace{\rule{32\unitlength}{0pt}}^{\mbox{32 Bit}}$}}
% \put(20,-3){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{9.25\unitlength}\right\}$ TCP-Header}}
% \put(20.15,-21){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{1.75\unitlength}\right\}$ TCP-Nutzlast}}
% \end{picture}\\*
\headerbox{bit}%
\bitno{0}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}%
\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{15}%
\bitno{16}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}%
\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{31}\\*
\vbitno{0}\bitbox{16}{source port}\bitbox{16}{destination port}\\*
\vbitno{32}\bitbox{32}{sequence number}\\*
\vbitno{64}\bitbox{32}{acknowledegment number}\\*
\vbitno{96}\bitbox{4}{\shortstack{data\\offset}}%
\bitbox{6}{reserved}%
\bitbox{1}{\shortstack{U\\R\\G}}%
\bitbox{1}{\shortstack{A\\C\\K}}%
\bitbox{1}{\shortstack{P\\S\\H}}%
\bitbox{1}{\shortstack{R\\S\\T}}%
\bitbox{1}{\shortstack{S\\Y\\N}}%
\bitbox{1}{\shortstack{F\\I\\N}}%
\bitbox{16}{window}\\*
\vbitno{128}\bitbox{16}{checksum}%
\bitbox{16}{urgent pointer}\\*
\vbitno{160}\flexbitbox{32}{\shortstack{options\\(0 oder mehr 32-Bit-Wörter)}}\\*
\vbitno{}\databitbox{32}{data}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
UDP-Paket: transportiert Anwendungsdaten
\def\headercolor{tcp}
\def\datacolor{data}
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.3333cm}%
\setlength{\baselineskip}{3\unitlength}\par
\label{UDP-Header}%
% \begin{picture}(0,0)
% \put(0,0){\makebox(0,0){\footnotesize$\overbrace{\rule{32\unitlength}{0pt}}^{\mbox{32 Bit}}$}}
% \put(20,-3){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{3.25\unitlength}\right\}$ UDP-Header}}
% \put(20.15,-9){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{1.75\unitlength}\right\}$ UDP-Nutzlast}}
% \end{picture}\\*
\headerbox{bit}%
\bitno{0}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}%
\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{15}%
\bitno{16}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}%
\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{31}\\*
\vbitno{0}\bitbox{16}{source port}\bitbox{16}{destination port}\\*
\vbitno{32}\bitbox{16}{length}%
\bitbox{16}{checksum}\\*
\vbitno{64}\databitbox{32}{data}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
ICMP-Paket: transportiert Steuernachrichten
\def\headercolor{tcp}
\def\datacolor{data}
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.3333cm}%
\setlength{\baselineskip}{3\unitlength}\par
\label{ICMP-Header}%
% \begin{picture}(0,0)
% \put(0,0){\makebox(0,0){\footnotesize$\overbrace{\rule{32\unitlength}{0pt}}^{\mbox{32 Bit}}$}}
% \put(20,-3){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{1.75\unitlength}\right\}$ ICMP-Header}}
% \put(20.15,-6){\makebox(0,0)[t]{\footnotesize $\left.\rule{0pt}{1.75\unitlength}\right\}$ ICMP-Nutzlast}}
% \end{picture}\\*
\headerbox{bit}%
\bitno{0}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}%
\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{15}%
\bitno{16}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}%
\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{}\bitno{31}\\*
\vbitno{0}\bitbox{8}{type}%
\bitbox{8}{code}%
\bitbox{16}{checksum}\\*
\vbitno{32}\databitbox{32}{data}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\subsection{TCP-Protokolle}
\begin{frame}
\showsubsection
\begin{itemize}
\item
\textbf{SMTP}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{HELO cassini}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{MAIL FROM: <example@example.com>}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{RCPT TO: <beispiel@example.de>}\\
(E-Mail-Header -- Teil der Nutzdaten)\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{From: Eddie Example <example@example.com>}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{To: Bert Beispiel <beispiel@example.de>}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{Subject: Hello, world!}\\
(Leerzeile)\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{Hi, there!}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{.}
\pause
\smallskip
\item
\textbf{HTTP}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{GET / HTTP/1.1}\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{Host: www.hs-bochum.de}\\
(Leerzeile)
% \begin{onlyenv}<2>
\par\medskip
URL: Schema://Benutzer:Passwort@Rechner:port/Pfad?Query\#Fragment
% \end{onlyenv}
\pause
\medskip
\item
Protokolle "`mal eben"' selbst schreiben:
\lstinline[style=cmd]{nc -c} oder \file{inetd}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Routing}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\showsubsection
\begin{itemize}
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{ip route} (Linux)\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{route} (MS-Windows, Unix)\\
\lstinline[style=cmd]{netstat -nr} (MacOS)
% \\[\medskipamount]
% \includegraphics[width=11cm]{../20171026/photo-20171026-162455.jpg}
\end{itemize}
\medskip
\begin{lstlisting}[style=terminal]
# route -n
Kernel-IP-Routentabelle
Ziel Router Genmask [...] Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.42.1 0.0.0.0 [...] wlan0
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 [...] wlan0
192.168.42.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 [...] wlan0
\end{lstlisting}
\bigskip
Netzmaske:\\
Wenn nach Und-Verknüpfung mit IP-Adresse gleich,
\textarrow\ im gleichen Netz
\medskip
\lstinline[style=terminal]{255.255.240.0} ist dasselbe wie
\lstinline[style=terminal]{/20}\\
(20 Bit sind 1; die restlichen 12 Bit sind 0)
\end{frame}
\subsection{Netzwerkanalyse}
\begin{frame}
\showsubsection
\begin{itemize}
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{tcpdump}
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{wireshark}
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{ettercap}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{SSH}
\begin{frame}
\showsubsection
\begin{itemize}
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{SSH <Rechner>}
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{-C}: Komprimierung
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{-L}: lokalen Port auf Remote-Port umleiten
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{-R}: Remote-Port auf lokalen Port umleiten
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{X11}
\begin{frame}
\showsubsection
\begin{itemize}
\item
Grafik-Bildschirm und Eingabegeräte über's Netz
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{DISPLAY}-Variable: X-Server: Rechner und Bildschirm
\item
\lstinline[style=cmd]{ssh -X}: X11-Forwarding
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\nosectionnonumber{\inserttitle}
\begin{frame}
\shownosectionnonumber
\begin{itemize}
\item[\textbf{1}] \textbf{Einführung}
\hfill\makebox(0,0)[br]{\raisebox{2.25ex}{\url{https://gitlab.cvh-server.de/pgerwinski/dbs}}}%
\item[\textbf{2}] \textbf{Kurzeinführung Unix}
\item[\textbf{3}] \textbf{Kurzeinführung TCP/IP}
\begin{itemize}
\item[3.1] IP-Adressen
\item[3.2] MAC-Adressen
\item[3.3] TCP- und UDP-Ports
\color{medgreen}
\item[3.4] TCP-Protokolle
\item[3.5] Routing
\item[3.6] Netzwerkanalyse
\item[3.7] SSH
\item[3.8] X11
\end{itemize}
\item[\textbf{4}] \textbf{Relationale Datenbanken}
\vspace*{-\smallskipamount}
\item[\textbf{\dots}]
\end{itemize}
\vfilll
\underconstruction
\end{frame}
\end{document}
../common/logo-hochschule-bochum-cvh-text-v2.pdf
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../common/logo-hochschule-bochum.pdf
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../common/pgslides.sty
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