Beispiele 11.5.2021

20210504/rtech-20210504.tex

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 % Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License along with this
 % document.  If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/>.
 
-% README: Computer-Sprachen: Arduino
+% README: Computer-Sprachen, Programmieren in Assembler: PC
 
 \documentclass[10pt,t]{beamer}
 

20210511/Makefile

+%.s: %.c
+	avr-gcc -Wall -Os -mmcu=atmega328p $< -S -o $@
+
+%.elf: %.c
+	avr-gcc -Wall -Os -mmcu=atmega328p $< -o $@
+
+%.hex: %.elf
+	avr-objcopy -O ihex $< $@
+
+download:
+	./download.sh

20210511/blink-0.E

+# 1 "blink-0.c"
+# 1 "<built-in>"
+# 1 "<command-line>"
+# 1 "blink-0.c"
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 1 3
+# 99 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 3
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/sfr_defs.h" 1 3
+# 126 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/sfr_defs.h" 3
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/inttypes.h" 1 3
+# 37 "/usr/lib/avr/include/inttypes.h" 3
+# 1 "/usr/lib/gcc/avr/5.4.0/include/stdint.h" 1 3 4
+# 9 "/usr/lib/gcc/avr/5.4.0/include/stdint.h" 3 4
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/stdint.h" 1 3 4
+# 125 "/usr/lib/avr/include/stdint.h" 3 4
+
+# 125 "/usr/lib/avr/include/stdint.h" 3 4
+typedef signed int int8_t __attribute__((__mode__(__QI__)));
+typedef unsigned int uint8_t __attribute__((__mode__(__QI__)));
+typedef signed int int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));
+typedef unsigned int uint16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));
+typedef signed int int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));
+
+typedef signed int int64_t __attribute__((__mode__(__DI__)));
+typedef unsigned int uint64_t __attribute__((__mode__(__DI__)));
+# 146 "/usr/lib/avr/include/stdint.h" 3 4
+typedef int16_t intptr_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint16_t uintptr_t;
+# 163 "/usr/lib/avr/include/stdint.h" 3 4
+typedef int8_t int_least8_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint8_t uint_least8_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef int16_t int_least16_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint16_t uint_least16_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef int32_t int_least32_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint32_t uint_least32_t;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+typedef int64_t int_least64_t;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint64_t uint_least64_t;
+# 217 "/usr/lib/avr/include/stdint.h" 3 4
+typedef int8_t int_fast8_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint8_t uint_fast8_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef int16_t int_fast16_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint16_t uint_fast16_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef int32_t int_fast32_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint32_t uint_fast32_t;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+typedef int64_t int_fast64_t;
+
+
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint64_t uint_fast64_t;
+# 277 "/usr/lib/avr/include/stdint.h" 3 4
+typedef int64_t intmax_t;
+
+
+
+
+typedef uint64_t uintmax_t;
+# 10 "/usr/lib/gcc/avr/5.4.0/include/stdint.h" 2 3 4
+# 38 "/usr/lib/avr/include/inttypes.h" 2 3
+# 77 "/usr/lib/avr/include/inttypes.h" 3
+typedef int32_t int_farptr_t;
+
+
+
+typedef uint32_t uint_farptr_t;
+# 127 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/sfr_defs.h" 2 3
+# 100 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 2 3
+# 272 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 3
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/iom328p.h" 1 3
+# 273 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 2 3
+# 627 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 3
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/portpins.h" 1 3
+# 628 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 2 3
+
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/common.h" 1 3
+# 630 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 2 3
+
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/version.h" 1 3
+# 632 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 2 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/fuse.h" 1 3
+# 239 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/fuse.h" 3
+typedef struct
+{
+    unsigned char low;
+    unsigned char high;
+    unsigned char extended;
+} __fuse_t;
+# 639 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 2 3
+
+
+# 1 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/lock.h" 1 3
+# 642 "/usr/lib/avr/include/avr/io.h" 2 3
+# 2 "blink-0.c" 2
+
+
+# 3 "blink-0.c"
+int main (void)
+{
+  
+# 5 "blink-0.c" 3
+ (*(volatile uint8_t *)((0x0A) + 0x20)) 
+# 5 "blink-0.c"
+      = 0x7c;
+  
+# 6 "blink-0.c" 3
+ (*(volatile uint8_t *)((0x0B) + 0x20)) 
+# 6 "blink-0.c"
+       = 0x40;
+  while (1);
+  return 0;
+}

20210511/blink-0.c

+#include <avr/io.h>
+
+int main (void)
+{
+  DDRD = 0x7c;   /* binär: 0111 1100 */   /* DDR = Data Direction Register */
+  PORTD = 0x40;  /* binär: 0100 0000 */           /* 0 = input, 1 = output */
+  while (1)
+    /* just wait */;   /* Endlosschleife */
+  return 0;
+}

20210511/blink-0.hex

+:100000000C9434000C943E000C943E000C943E0082
+:100010000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0068
+:100020000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0058
+:100030000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0048
+:100040000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0038
+:100050000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0028
+:100060000C943E000C943E0011241FBECFEFD8E04C
+:10007000DEBFCDBF0E9440000C9445000C940000F0
+:0E0080008CE78AB980E48BB9FFCFF894FFCFEC
+:00000001FF

20210511/blink-0s.hex

+:100000000C9434000C943E000C943E000C943E0082
+:100010000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0068
+:100020000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0058
+:100030000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0048
+:100040000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0038
+:100050000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0028
+:100060000C943E000C943E0011241FBECFEFD8E04C
+:10007000DEBFCDBF0E9440000C9445000C940000F0
+:0E0080008CE78AB980E08BB9FFCFF894FFCFF0
+:00000001FF

20210511/blink-0s.s

+	.section	.text.startup,"ax",@progbits
+.global	main
+main:
+	ldi r24,0x7c
+	out 0xa,r24
+	ldi r24,0x00
+	out 0xb,r24
+.L2:
+	rjmp .L2

20210511/blink-1.s0

+	.file	"blink-1.c"
+__SP_H__ = 0x3e
+__SP_L__ = 0x3d
+__SREG__ = 0x3f
+__tmp_reg__ = 0
+__zero_reg__ = 1
+.global	__mulsf3
+.global	__ltsf2
+.global	__gtsf2
+.global	__fixunssfsi
+	.text
+.global	main
+	.type	main, @function
+main:
+	push r28
+	push r29
+	in r28,__SP_L__
+	in r29,__SP_H__
+	sbiw r28,28
+	in __tmp_reg__,__SREG__
+	cli
+	out __SP_H__,r29
+	out __SREG__,__tmp_reg__
+	out __SP_L__,r28
+/* prologue: function */
+/* frame size = 28 */
+/* stack size = 30 */
+.L__stack_usage = 30
+	ldi r24,lo8(42)
+	ldi r25,0
+	ldi r18,lo8(124)
+	movw r30,r24
+	st Z,r18
+	ldi r24,lo8(43)
+	ldi r25,0
+	ldi r18,lo8(43)
+	ldi r19,0
+	movw r30,r18
+	ld r18,Z
+	ori r18,lo8(64)
+	movw r30,r24
+	st Z,r18
+.L18:
+	ldi r24,0
+	ldi r25,0
+	ldi r26,lo8(-6)
+	ldi r27,lo8(67)
+	std Y+1,r24
+	std Y+2,r25
+	std Y+3,r26
+	std Y+4,r27
+	ldi r18,0
+	ldi r19,0
+	ldi r20,lo8(122)
+	ldi r21,lo8(69)
+	ldd r22,Y+1
+	ldd r23,Y+2
+	ldd r24,Y+3
+	ldd r25,Y+4
+	call __mulsf3
+	movw r26,r24
+	movw r24,r22
+	std Y+19,r24
+	std Y+20,r25
+	std Y+21,r26
+	std Y+22,r27
+	ldi r18,0
+	ldi r19,0
+	ldi r20,lo8(-128)
+	ldi r21,lo8(63)
+	ldd r22,Y+19
+	ldd r23,Y+20
+	ldd r24,Y+21
+	ldd r25,Y+22
+	call __ltsf2
+	tst r24
+	brge .L23
+	ldi r24,lo8(1)
+	ldi r25,0
+	std Y+24,r25
+	std Y+23,r24
+	rjmp .L4
+.L23:
+	ldi r18,0
+	ldi r19,lo8(-1)
+	ldi r20,lo8(127)
+	ldi r21,lo8(71)
+	ldd r22,Y+19
+	ldd r23,Y+20
+	ldd r24,Y+21
+	ldd r25,Y+22
+	call __gtsf2
+	cp __zero_reg__,r24
+	brge .L24
+	ldi r18,0
+	ldi r19,0
+	ldi r20,lo8(32)
+	ldi r21,lo8(65)
+	ldd r22,Y+1
+	ldd r23,Y+2
+	ldd r24,Y+3
+	ldd r25,Y+4
+	call __mulsf3
+	movw r26,r24
+	movw r24,r22
+	movw r22,r24
+	movw r24,r26
+	call __fixunssfsi
+	movw r26,r24
+	movw r24,r22
+	std Y+24,r25
+	std Y+23,r24
+	rjmp .L7
+.L8:
+	ldi r24,lo8(-112)
+	ldi r25,lo8(1)
+	std Y+26,r25
+	std Y+25,r24
+	ldd r24,Y+25
+	ldd r25,Y+26
+/* #APP */
+ ;  105 "/usr/lib/avr/include/util/delay_basic.h" 1
+	1: sbiw r24,1
+	brne 1b
+ ;  0 "" 2
+/* #NOAPP */
+	std Y+26,r25
+	std Y+25,r24
+	ldd r24,Y+23
+	ldd r25,Y+24
+	sbiw r24,1
+	std Y+24,r25
+	std Y+23,r24
+.L7:
+	ldd r24,Y+23
+	ldd r25,Y+24
+	or r24,r25
+	brne .L8
+	rjmp .L9
+.L24:
+	ldd r22,Y+19
+	ldd r23,Y+20
+	ldd r24,Y+21
+	ldd r25,Y+22
+	call __fixunssfsi
+	movw r26,r24
+	movw r24,r22
+	std Y+24,r25
+	std Y+23,r24
+.L4:
+	ldd r24,Y+23
+	ldd r25,Y+24
+	std Y+28,r25
+	std Y+27,r24
+	ldd r24,Y+27
+	ldd r25,Y+28
+/* #APP */
+ ;  105 "/usr/lib/avr/include/util/delay_basic.h" 1
+	1: sbiw r24,1
+	brne 1b
+ ;  0 "" 2
+/* #NOAPP */
+	std Y+28,r25
+	std Y+27,r24
+.L9:
+	ldi r24,lo8(43)
+	ldi r25,0
+	ldi r18,lo8(43)
+	ldi r19,0
+	movw r30,r18
+	ld r18,Z
+	andi r18,lo8(-65)
+	movw r30,r24
+	st Z,r18
+	ldi r24,0
+	ldi r25,0
+	ldi r26,lo8(-6)
+	ldi r27,lo8(67)
+	std Y+5,r24
+	std Y+6,r25
+	std Y+7,r26
+	std Y+8,r27
+	ldi r18,0
+	ldi r19,0
+	ldi r20,lo8(122)
+	ldi r21,lo8(69)
+	ldd r22,Y+5
+	ldd r23,Y+6
+	ldd r24,Y+7
+	ldd r25,Y+8
+	call __mulsf3
+	movw r26,r24
+	movw r24,r22
+	std Y+9,r24
+	std Y+10,r25
+	std Y+11,r26
+	std Y+12,r27
+	ldi r18,0
+	ldi r19,0
+	ldi r20,lo8(-128)
+	ldi r21,lo8(63)
+	ldd r22,Y+9
+	ldd r23,Y+10
+	ldd r24,Y+11
+	ldd r25,Y+12
+	call __ltsf2
+	tst r24
+	brge .L25
+	ldi r24,lo8(1)
+	ldi r25,0
+	std Y+14,r25
+	std Y+13,r24
+	rjmp .L12
+.L25:
+	ldi r18,0
+	ldi r19,lo8(-1)
+	ldi r20,lo8(127)
+	ldi r21,lo8(71)
+	ldd r22,Y+9
+	ldd r23,Y+10
+	ldd r24,Y+11
+	ldd r25,Y+12
+	call __gtsf2
+	cp __zero_reg__,r24
+	brge .L26
+	ldi r18,0
+	ldi r19,0
+	ldi r20,lo8(32)
+	ldi r21,lo8(65)
+	ldd r22,Y+5
+	ldd r23,Y+6
+	ldd r24,Y+7
+	ldd r25,Y+8
+	call __mulsf3
+	movw r26,r24
+	movw r24,r22
+	movw r22,r24
+	movw r24,r26
+	call __fixunssfsi
+	movw r26,r24
+	movw r24,r22
+	std Y+14,r25
+	std Y+13,r24
+	rjmp .L15
+.L16:
+	ldi r24,lo8(-112)
+	ldi r25,lo8(1)
+	std Y+16,r25
+	std Y+15,r24
+	ldd r24,Y+15
+	ldd r25,Y+16
+/* #APP */
+ ;  105 "/usr/lib/avr/include/util/delay_basic.h" 1
+	1: sbiw r24,1
+	brne 1b
+ ;  0 "" 2
+/* #NOAPP */
+	std Y+16,r25
+	std Y+15,r24
+	ldd r24,Y+13
+	ldd r25,Y+14
+	sbiw r24,1
+	std Y+14,r25
+	std Y+13,r24
+.L15:
+	ldd r24,Y+13
+	ldd r25,Y+14
+	or r24,r25
+	brne .L16
+	rjmp .L17
+.L26:
+	ldd r22,Y+9
+	ldd r23,Y+10
+	ldd r24,Y+11
+	ldd r25,Y+12
+	call __fixunssfsi
+	movw r26,r24
+	movw r24,r22
+	std Y+14,r25
+	std Y+13,r24
+.L12:
+	ldd r24,Y+13
+	ldd r25,Y+14
+	std Y+18,r25
+	std Y+17,r24
+	ldd r24,Y+17
+	ldd r25,Y+18
+/* #APP */
+ ;  105 "/usr/lib/avr/include/util/delay_basic.h" 1
+	1: sbiw r24,1
+	brne 1b
+ ;  0 "" 2
+/* #NOAPP */
+	std Y+18,r25
+	std Y+17,r24
+.L17:
+	ldi r24,lo8(43)
+	ldi r25,0
+	ldi r18,lo8(43)
+	ldi r19,0
+	movw r30,r18
+	ld r18,Z
+	ori r18,lo8(64)
+	movw r30,r24
+	st Z,r18
+	rjmp .L18
+	.size	main, .-main
+	.ident	"GCC: (GNU) 5.4.0"

20210511/blink-1s.hex

+:100000000C9434000C943E000C943E000C943E0082
+:100010000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0068
+:100020000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0058
+:100030000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0048
+:100040000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0038
+:100050000C943E000C943E000C943E000C943E0028
+:100060000C943E000C943E0011241FBECFEFD8E04C
+:10007000DEBFCDBF0E9440000C9453000C940000E2
+:100080008CE78AB95E9A2FEF89E698E1215080408B
+:100090009040E1F75E982FEF89E698E1215080408B
+:0A00A0009040E1F7EFCFF894FFCF96
+:00000001FF

20210511/blink-1s.s

+	.section	.text.startup
+.global	main
+main:
+	ldi r24,0x7c
+	out 0xa,r24             ; DDRD = 0x7c: verwende die 1-Bits in 0x7c als Ouputs
+loop:
+	sbi 0xb,6               ; setze Bit 6 auf PORTD ("set bit"), schalte LED ein
+	ldi r18,lo8(1599999)
+	ldi r24,hi8(1599999)
+	ldi r25,hlo8(1599999)
+wait1:	subi r18,1
+	sbci r24,0
+	sbci r25,0
+	brne wait1
+	cbi 0xb,6               ; lösche Bit 6 auf PORTD ("clear bit"), schalte LED aus
+	ldi r18,lo8(1599999)
+	ldi r24,hi8(1599999)
+	ldi r25,hlo8(1599999)
+wait2:	subi r18,1
+	sbci r24,0
+	sbci r25,0
+	brne wait2
+	rjmp loop

20210511/download.sh

+port=$(ls -rt /dev/ttyACM* | tail -1)
+echo avrdude -P $port -c arduino -p m328p -U flash:w:$(ls -rt *.hex | tail -1)
+avrdude -P $port -c arduino -p m328p -U flash:w:$(ls -rt *.hex | tail -1) 2>/dev/null

20210511/hello-world-maschinensprache.png

+../20210503/screenshot-20210503-181001.png
\ No newline at end of file

20210511/logo-hochschule-bochum-cvh-text-v2.pdf

+../common/logo-hochschule-bochum-cvh-text-v2.pdf
\ No newline at end of file

20210511/logo-hochschule-bochum.pdf

+../common/logo-hochschule-bochum.pdf
\ No newline at end of file

20210511/pgslides.sty

+../common/pgslides.sty
\ No newline at end of file

20210511/rtech-20210511.tex

+% rtech-20210511.pdf - Lecture Slides on Computer Technology
+% Copyright (C) 2012, 2013, 2014, 2021  Peter Gerwinski
+%
+% This document is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+% modify it either under the terms of the Creative Commons
+% Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License, or under the terms of the
+% GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
+% Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
+% any later version.
+%
+% This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+% MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+% GNU General Public License for more details.
+%
+% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+% along with this document.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+%
+% You should have received a copy of the Creative Commons
+% Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License along with this
+% document.  If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/>.
+
+% README: Programmieren in Assembler: Arduino
+
+\documentclass[10pt,t]{beamer}
+
+\usepackage{pgslides}
+\usepackage{pdftricks}
+
+\newcommand{\Cin}{C\raisebox{-0.5ex}{\footnotesize in}}
+\newcommand{\Cout}{C\raisebox{-0.5ex}{\footnotesize out}}
+
+\begin{psinputs}
+  \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+  \usepackage[german]{babel}
+  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+  \usepackage{helvet}
+  \renewcommand*\familydefault{\sfdefault}
+  \usepackage{pstricks,pst-grad,pst-circ-pg}
+  \newcommand{\invisible}{\tiny\color{white}}
+  \psset{unit=1cm}
+  \psset{logicLabelstyle=\invisible}
+  \newcommand{\logicSymbol}{\small\boldmath\bf\rule{0pt}{0.5cm}}
+  \psset{logicSymbolstyle=\logicSymbol}
+  \newcommand{\Cin}{C\raisebox{-0.5ex}{\footnotesize in}}
+  \newcommand{\Cout}{C\raisebox{-0.5ex}{\footnotesize out}}
+\end{psinputs}
+
+\title{Rechnertechnik}
+\author{Prof.\ Dr.\ rer.\ nat.\ Peter Gerwinski}
+\date{11.\ Mai 2021}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitleframe
+
+\sectionnonumber{\inserttitle}
+
+\begin{frame}
+
+  \showsectionnonumber
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item[\textbf{1}] \textbf{Einführung}
+    \item[\textbf{2}] \textbf{Vom Schaltkreis zum Computer}
+      \begin{itemize}
+        \item[2.1] Logik-Schaltkreise
+        \item[2.2] Binärdarstellung von Zahlen
+        \item[2.3] Vom Logik-Schaltkreis zum Addierer
+        \item[2.4] Negative Zahlen
+        \item[2.5] Vom Addierer zum Computer
+        \item[2.6] Computer-Sprachen
+        \color{orange}
+        \item[2.7] Programmieren in Assembler
+      \end{itemize}
+    \color{gray}
+    \item[\textbf{3}] \textbf{Architekturmerkmale von Prozessoren}
+    \item[\textbf{4}] \textbf{Der CPU-Stack}
+%    \item[\textbf{5}] \textbf{Hardwarenahe Programmierung}
+%    \item[\textbf{6}] \textbf{Anwender-Software}
+%    \item[\textbf{7}] \textbf{Bus-Systeme}
+%    \item[\textbf{8}] \textbf{Pipelining}
+    \item[\textbf{\dots\hspace{-0.75em}}]
+%    \item[\textbf{9}] \textbf{Ausblick}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\setcounter{section}{1}
+\section{Vom Schaltkreis zum Computer}
+\setcounter{subsection}{5}
+\subsection{Computer-Sprachen}
+\subsubsection{Maschinensprache}
+
+\begin{frame}
+
+  \showsubsection
+  \showsubsubsection
+
+  \strut\hfill
+  \begin{minipage}{6.5cm}
+    \vspace*{-1.7cm}
+    \small
+    Computer
+    \begin{itemize}\itemsep0pt
+      \item Rechenwerk (ALU)
+      \item Speicher: Register,\\
+            adressierbarer Hauptspeicher
+      \item Takt: Befehle abarbeiten
+      \item Peripherie: Kommunikation\\
+            mit der Außenwelt
+      \arrowitem in Maschinensprache programmierbar
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{minipage}\hspace*{-0.5cm}
+
+  In jedem Takt:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      dort aus dem Hauptspeicher lesen, wohin das Register \lstinline{IP} zeigt\\
+      \textarrow\ \newterm{Befehl\/} (\newterm{Instruction\/} -- \lstinline{IP} = \newterm{Instruction Pointer\/})
+    \item
+      den \newterm{Befehl\/} an den \newterm{Funktion\/}-Eingang der \newterm{ALU\/} legen
+    \item
+      auf ähnliche Weise weitere Daten an den \newterm{Akkumulator\/}-\\
+      und den \newterm{Daten\/}-Eingang der \newterm{ALU\/} legen
+    \item
+      auf ähnliche Weise den \newterm{Ergebnis\/}-Ausgang der \newterm{ALU}\\
+      in den Hauptspeicher schreiben
+      \textarrow\ Befehl ausgeführt
+    \item
+      Register \lstinline{IP} hochzählen
+      \textarrow\ nächster Befehl
+    \arrowitem
+      Maschinensprache
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+
+  \showsubsection
+  \showsubsubsection
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Daten aus dem Speicher in Register einlesen
+    \item
+      Daten aus Register in den Speicher schreiben
+    \arrowitem
+      Lade- und Speicher-Befehle
+    \item
+      Daten aus Registern (oder Speicher) an ALU legen,\\
+      Ergebnis in Register (oder Speicher) schreiben
+    \arrowitem
+      arithmetische Befehle
+%    \pause
+    \item
+      Daten aus Register oder Speicher in das \lstinline{IP}-Register laden
+    \arrowitem
+      \only<1->{unbedingter }Sprungbefehl
+%    \pause
+    \item
+      Sprungbefehl nur dann, wenn im Status-Ausgang der ALU ein bestimmtes Bit gesetzt ist
+    \arrowitem
+      bedingter Sprungbefehl
+%    \pause
+%    \pause
+    \bigskip
+    \arrowitem
+      Der Computer kann "`alles"' -- \newterm{Turing-Vollständigkeit}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+
+  \showsubsection
+  \showsubsubsection
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Lade- und Speicher-Befehle\\
+      arithmetische Befehle\\
+      unbedingte und bedingte Sprungbefehle
+    \arrowitem
+      Der Computer kann "`alles"' -- \newterm{Turing-Vollständigkeit}
+    \bigskip
+    \item
+      Maschinensprache = Zahlen \textarrow\ für Menschen schwer handhabbar
+    \arrowitem
+      Namen für die Befehle: \newterm{Mnemonics}
+    \arrowitem
+      \newterm{Assembler\/}-Sprache
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsubsection{\strut{\protect\color{gray}Maschinensprache \protect\textarrow\ }Assembler}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+
+  \showsubsubsection
+
+  Beispiel: Intel-x86-16-Bit-Assembler
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Lade- und Speicher-Befehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{mov}, \dots\\
+      arithmetische Befehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{add}, \lstinline{sub}, \lstinline{inc}, \lstinline{dec},
+        \lstinline{xor}, \lstinline{cmp}, \dots\\
+      unbedingte und bedingte Sprungbefehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{jmp}, \lstinline{jz}, \lstinline{jae}, \dots
+    \item
+      Register\hfill
+        \lstinline{ax}, \lstinline{bx}, \dots
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \bigskip
+
+  Beispiel: Atmel-AVR-8-Bit-Assembler
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Lade- und Speicher-Befehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{ldi}, \lstinline{lds}, \lstinline{sti}, \dots\\
+      arithmetische Befehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{add}, \lstinline{sub}, \lstinline{subi},
+        \lstinline{eor}, \lstinline{cp}, \dots\\
+      unbedingte und bedingte Sprungbefehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{rjmp}, \lstinline{brsh}, \lstinline{brlo}, \dots
+    \item
+      Register\hfill
+        \lstinline{r0}, \lstinline{r1}, \dots
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \bigskip
+
+  \textarrow\ für jeden Prozessor anders
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsubsection{\strut{\protect\color{gray}Maschinensprache \protect\textarrow\ Assembler \protect\textarrow\ }Hochsprachen}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+
+  \showsubsubsection
+
+  Beispiel: Intel-x86-16-Bit-Assembler
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Lade- und Speicher-Befehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{mov}, \dots\\
+      arithmetische Befehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{add}, \lstinline{sub}, \lstinline{inc}, \lstinline{dec},
+        \lstinline{xor}, \lstinline{cmp}, \dots\\
+      unbedingte und bedingte Sprungbefehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{jmp}, \lstinline{jz}, \lstinline{jae}, \dots
+    \item
+      Register\hfill
+        \lstinline{ax}, \lstinline{bx}, \dots
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \bigskip
+
+  Beispiel: Atmel-AVR-8-Bit-Assembler
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Lade- und Speicher-Befehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{ldi}, \lstinline{lds}, \lstinline{sti}, \dots\\
+      arithmetische Befehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{add}, \lstinline{sub}, \lstinline{subi},
+        \lstinline{eor}, \lstinline{cp}, \dots\\
+      unbedingte und bedingte Sprungbefehle\hfill
+        \lstinline{rjmp}, \lstinline{brsh}, \lstinline{brlo}, \dots
+    \item
+      Register\hfill
+        \lstinline{r0}, \lstinline{r1}, \dots
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \bigskip
+
+  \textarrow\ für jeden Prozessor anders
+
+  \bigskip
+
+  Hochsprache \textarrow\ für jeden Prozessor gleich
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+
+  \showsubsubsection
+
+  Compiler-Sprachen
+  \begin{itemize}\itemsep0pt
+    \item
+      \newterm{Compiler\/} übersetzt Hochsprachen-\newterm{Quelltext\/} in die Assembler-Sprache
+    \item
+      \newterm{Assembler\/} übersetzt Assembler-Quelltext in die Maschinensprache
+    \item
+      Compiler und Assembler sind Programme,\\
+      geschrieben in Maschinensprache, Assembler oder einer Hochsprache
+    \item
+      Beispiele: Fortran, Algol, Pascal, Ada, C, C++, \dots
+  \end{itemize}
+
+%  \pause
+  \medskip
+  Interpreter- oder Skript-Sprachen
+  \begin{itemize}\itemsep0pt
+    \item
+      \newterm{Interpreter\/} liest Hochsprachen-\newterm{Quelltext\/} und führt ihn sofort aus
+    \item
+      Der Interpreter ist ein Programm,\\
+      geschrieben in Maschinensprache, Assembler oder einer Hochsprache
+    \item
+      Beispiele: Unix-Shell, BASIC, Perl, Python, \dots
+  \end{itemize}
+
+%  \pause
+  \medskip
+  Kombinationen
+  \begin{itemize}\itemsep0pt
+    \item
+      \newterm{Compiler\/} erzeugt \newterm{Zwischencode\/} für eine \newterm{virtuelle Maschine}
+    \item
+      \newterm{Interpreter\/} liest Hochsprachen-\newterm{Zwischencode\/} und führt ihn sofort aus
+    \item
+      Die virtuelle Maschine ist ein Programm,
+      geschrieben in Maschinensprache, Assembler, einer Hoch- oder Skript-Sprache
+    \item
+      Beispiele: UCSD-Pascal, Java, \dots
+  \end{itemize}
+  \vspace*{-1cm}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Programmieren in Assembler}
+
+\begin{frame}
+
+  \showsubsection
+
+  Beispiel: PC, 1980er bis 1990er Jahre
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Prozessor: Intel 8086
+    \item
+      Takt: 4,77--100\,MHz
+  \end{itemize}
+  Anwendung von Assembler: zeitkritische Programmteile,\\
+  z.\,B.\ Text- und Grafikausgabe
+
+  \begin{onlyenv}<1>
+    \begin{center}
+      \vspace*{-0.15cm}
+      \includegraphics[width=9.8cm,trim={0cm 0cm 0cm 0.8cm},clip]{hello-world-maschinensprache.png}
+      \vspace*{-10cm}
+    \end{center}
+  \end{onlyenv}
+
+  \pause
+  \bigskip
+
+  Beispiel: Arduino Uno
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Prozessor: ATmega 328p
+    \item
+      Takt: 16\,MHz
+  \end{itemize}
+  Anwendung von Assembler: zeitkritische Programmteile,\\
+  z.\,B.\ Mikrosekunden-Timing
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+
+  \showsubsection
+
+  Beispiel: Arduino Uno
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Prozessor: ATmega 328p
+    \item
+      Takt: 16\,MHz
+  \end{itemize}
+  Anwendung von Assembler: zeitkritische Programmteile,\\
+  z.\,B.\ Mikrosekunden-Timing
+
+  \bigskip
+
+  Cross-Entwicklung
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Programmieren auf PC
+    \item
+      Compilieren auf PC:
+      \begin{lstlisting}[style=cmd,gobble=8]
+        avr-gcc -Wall -Os -mmcu=atmega328p blink.c -o blink.elf
+      \end{lstlisting}
+    \item
+      Speicherabbild auf PC erstellen:
+      \begin{lstlisting}[style=cmd,gobble=8]
+        avr-objcopy -O ihex blink.elf blink.hex
+      \end{lstlisting}
+    \item
+      Speicherabbild auf den Mikrocontroller herunterladen:
+      \begin{lstlisting}[style=cmd,gobble=8]
+        avrdude -P /dev/ttyACM0 -c arduino -p m328p \
+                -U flash:w:blink.hex
+      \end{lstlisting}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+
+  \showsubsection
+
+  Cross-Entwicklung
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      Programmieren auf PC
+    \item
+      Compilieren auf PC:
+      \begin{lstlisting}[style=cmd,gobble=8]
+        avr-gcc -Wall -Os -mmcu=atmega328p blink.c -o blink.elf
+      \end{lstlisting}
+    \item
+      Speicherabbild auf PC erstellen:
+      \begin{lstlisting}[style=cmd,gobble=8]
+        avr-objcopy -O ihex blink.elf blink.hex
+      \end{lstlisting}
+    \item
+      Speicherabbild auf den Mikrocontroller herunterladen:
+      \begin{lstlisting}[style=cmd,gobble=8]
+        avrdude -P /dev/ttyACM0 -c arduino -p m328p \
+                -U flash:w:blink.hex
+      \end{lstlisting}
+    \medskip
+    \item
+      Präprozessor auf PC:
+      \begin{lstlisting}[style=cmd,gobble=8]
+        avr-gcc -Wall -Os -mmcu=atmega328p blink.c \
+                -E -o blink.E
+      \end{lstlisting}
+    \item
+      Compilieren auf PC, Assembler-Quelltext erzeugen:
+      \begin{lstlisting}[style=cmd,gobble=8]
+        avr-gcc -Wall -Os -mmcu=atmega328p blink.c -S
+      \end{lstlisting}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\sectionnonumber{\inserttitle}
+
+\begin{frame}
+
+  \showsectionnonumber
+
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \item[\textbf{1}] \textbf{Einführung}
+    \item[\textbf{2}] \textbf{Vom Schaltkreis zum Computer}
+      \begin{itemize}
+        \item[2.1] Logik-Schaltkreise
+        \item[2.2] Binärdarstellung von Zahlen
+        \item[2.3] Vom Logik-Schaltkreis zum Addierer
+        \item[2.4] Negative Zahlen
+        \item[2.5] Vom Addierer zum Computer
+        \item[2.6] Computer-Sprachen
+        \color{orange}
+        \item[2.7] Programmieren in Assembler
+      \end{itemize}
+    \color{gray}
+    \item[\textbf{3}] \textbf{Architekturmerkmale von Prozessoren}
+    \item[\textbf{4}] \textbf{Der CPU-Stack}
+%    \item[\textbf{5}] \textbf{Hardwarenahe Programmierung}
+%    \item[\textbf{6}] \textbf{Anwender-Software}
+%    \item[\textbf{7}] \textbf{Bus-Systeme}
+%    \item[\textbf{8}] \textbf{Pipelining}
+    \item[\textbf{\dots\hspace{-0.75em}}]
+%    \item[\textbf{9}] \textbf{Ausblick}
+  \end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}