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  \section*{Angewandte Informatik\\Übungsaufgaben -- 26.\ November 2015}

  \exercise{Koordinaten-FIFO}

  \subsection*{Koordinaten-FIFO}

  Implementieren Sie einen FIFO für Koordinaten-Paare.\\

  Koordinatenpaare sollen "`hintereinander eingereiht"' werden.

  \end{itemize}

  \points{10}

\iffalse

  \exercise{Arrays mit Zahlen}

  \begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\textwidth}

    \end{enumerate}

  \end{minipage}

\fi

\end{document}

# Hey Emacs, this is a -*- makefile -*-

###############################################################################

# RP6 MAKEFILE FOR WinAVR

# Based on WinAVR Sample makefile written by Eric B. Weddington,

# Jörg Wunsch, et al.

#

#

# YOU NEED TO EDIT SOME SMALL THINGS IN THIS FILE IF YOU WANT TO USE

# IT FOR YOUR OWN PROJECTS!

# THESE LINES ARE ALL AT THE TOP OF THIS FILE AND MARKED VERY CLEARLY !

# BETTER DO NOT EDIT ANYTHING ELSE!

#

# To compile everything you can simply type "make all" on a command line in

# this directory or simply use the supplied batch files!

# To remove all the temporary files the compiler has generated you can use

# "make clean"

# See end of this file and "make" user manual for more details!

#

#

# Note: Everything behind a '#' is interpreted as a comment in this file!

#

###############################################################################

###############################################################################

# Target file name (without extension).

# This is the name of your main C source file! Do NOT append the ".c"!

# Example: Let's assume your main source file is "RP6Base_MyProgram.c", then

# you would write: TARGET = RP6Base_MyProgram

TARGET = blink-3

###############################################################################

###############################################################################

# Specify relative path to RP6 library files here.

# This is "../lib" usually.

RP6_LIB_PATH=../RP6Lib

RP6_LIB_PATH_OTHERS= $(RP6_LIB_PATH)/RP6base $(RP6_LIB_PATH)/RP6common

###############################################################################

#------------------------------------------------

# Main Source file is _automatically_ added here:

SRC = $(TARGET).c

###############################################################################

# If there is more than one source file, append them here separated by spaces.

# Usually you have to add the Library files here! (ONLY add c files "*.c" here,

# NO header files "*.h"!)

# Don't forget to add relative paths!

#SRC += $(RP6_LIB_PATH)/RP6base/RP6RobotBaseLib.c

#SRC += $(RP6_LIB_PATH)/RP6common/RP6uart.c

##SRC += $(RP6_LIB_PATH)/RP6common/RP6I2CmasterTWI.c

# You can also wrap lines by appending a backslash to the end of the line

# like this:

#SRC += xyz.c \

#abc.c \

#asdf.c

#

###############################################################################

###############################################################################

# Optimization level, can be [0, 1, 2, 3, s]. 0 turns off optimization.

# (Note: 3 is not always the best optimization level. See avr-libc FAQ.)

OPT = s

###############################################################################

#                                                                             #

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#

###############################################################################

######-------------------------------------------------------------------######

###### DO NOT EDIT ANYTHING BELOW IF YOU DO NOT KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING! ######

######-------------------------------------------------------------------######

###############################################################################

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#

#                                                                             #

# MCU name - atmega32 for RP6 Base and Processor Expansion

MCU = atmega32

# Output format. (can be srec, ihex, binary)

FORMAT = ihex

# List Assembler source files here.

#     Make them always end in a capital .S.  Files ending in a lowercase .s

#     will not be considered source files but generated files (assembler

#     output from the compiler), and will be deleted upon "make clean"!

#     Even though the DOS/Win* filesystem matches both .s and .S the same,

#     it will preserve the spelling of the filenames, and gcc itself does

#     care about how the name is spelled on its command-line.

ASRC =

# Debugging format.

#     Native formats for AVR-GCC's -g are dwarf-2 [default] or stabs.

#     AVR Studio 4.10 requires dwarf-2.

#     AVR [Extended] COFF format requires stabs, plus an avr-objcopy run.

DEBUG = dwarf-2

# List any extra directories to look for include files here.

#     Each directory must be seperated by a space.

#     Use forward slashes for directory separators.

#     For a directory that has spaces, enclose it in quotes.

EXTRAINCDIRS = $(RP6_LIB_PATH) $(RP6_LIB_PATH_OTHERS)

# Compiler flag to set the C Standard level.

#     c89   = "ANSI" C

#     gnu89 = c89 plus GCC extensions

#     c99   = ISO C99 standard (not yet fully implemented)

#     gnu99 = c99 plus GCC extensions

CSTANDARD = -std=gnu99

# DO NOT USE THIS FOR RP6 PROJECTS!

#

# Processor frequency.

#     This will define a symbol, F_CPU, in all source code files equal to the

#     processor frequency. You can then use this symbol in your source code to

#     calculate timings. Do NOT tack on a 'UL' at the end, this will be done

#     automatically to create a 32-bit value in your source code.

# F_CPU = 8000000

# Place -D or -U options here

CDEFS = -DDEBUG_MEASURE_DUTY_CYCLE 

# -DF_CPU=$(F_CPU)UL

# uncommented - caused a compile problem.

# Place -I options here

CINCS =

#---------------- Compiler Options ----------------

#  -g*:          generate debugging information

#  -O*:          optimization level

#  -f...:        tuning, see GCC manual and avr-libc documentation

#  -Wall...:     warning level

#  -Wa,...:      tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.

#    -adhlns...: create assembler listing

CFLAGS = -g$(DEBUG)

CFLAGS += $(CDEFS) $(CINCS)

CFLAGS += -O$(OPT)

CFLAGS += -funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums

CFLAGS += -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -Werror

CFLAGS += -Wa,-adhlns=$(<:.c=.lst)

CFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(EXTRAINCDIRS))

CFLAGS += $(CSTANDARD)

#---------------- Assembler Options ----------------

#  -Wa,...:   tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.

#  -ahlms:    create listing

#  -gstabs:   have the assembler create line number information; note that

#             for use in COFF files, additional information about filenames

#             and function names needs to be present in the assembler source

#             files -- see avr-libc docs [FIXME: not yet described there]

#  -listing-cont-lines: Sets the maximum number of continuation lines of hex

#       dump that will be displayed for a given single line of source input.

ASFLAGS = -Wa,-adhlns=$(<:.S=.lst),-gstabs,--listing-cont-lines=100

#---------------- Library Options ----------------

# Minimalistic printf version

PRINTF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min

# Floating point printf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)

PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt

# If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard printf version.

PRINTF_LIB =

#PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_MIN)

#PRINTF_LIB = $(PRINTF_LIB_FLOAT)

# Minimalistic scanf version

SCANF_LIB_MIN = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_min

# Floating point + %[ scanf version (requires MATH_LIB = -lm below)

SCANF_LIB_FLOAT = -Wl,-u,vfscanf -lscanf_flt

# If this is left blank, then it will use the Standard scanf version.

SCANF_LIB =

#SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_MIN)

#SCANF_LIB = $(SCANF_LIB_FLOAT)

MATH_LIB = -lm

#---------------- External Memory Options ----------------

# 64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),

# used for variables (.data/.bss) and heap (malloc()).

#EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,--section-start,.data=0x801100,--defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff

# 64 KB of external RAM, starting after internal RAM (ATmega128!),

# only used for heap (malloc()).

#EXTMEMOPTS = -Wl,--defsym=__heap_start=0x801100,--defsym=__heap_end=0x80ffff

EXTMEMOPTS =

#---------------- Linker Options ----------------

#  -Wl,...:     tell GCC to pass this to linker.

#    -Map:      create map file

#    --cref:    add cross reference to  map file

LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map=$(TARGET).map,--cref

LDFLAGS += $(EXTMEMOPTS)

LDFLAGS += $(PRINTF_LIB) $(SCANF_LIB) $(MATH_LIB)

#---------------- Programming Options (avrdude) ----------------

# Programming hardware: alf avr910 avrisp bascom bsd

# dt006 pavr picoweb pony-stk200 sp12 stk200 stk500

#

# Type: avrdude -c ?

# to get a full listing.

#

AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = stk500

# com1 = serial port. Use lpt1 to connect to parallel port.

AVRDUDE_PORT = com1    # programmer connected to serial device

AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U flash:w:$(TARGET).hex

#AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM = -U eeprom:w:$(TARGET).eep

# Uncomment the following if you want avrdude's erase cycle counter.

# Note that this counter needs to be initialized first using -Yn,

# see avrdude manual.

#AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER = -y

# Uncomment the following if you do /not/ wish a verification to be

# performed after programming the device.

#AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY = -V

# Increase verbosity level.  Please use this when submitting bug

# reports about avrdude. See <http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude>

# to submit bug reports.

#AVRDUDE_VERBOSE = -v -v

AVRDUDE_FLAGS = -p $(MCU) -P $(AVRDUDE_PORT) -c $(AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER)

AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_NO_VERIFY)

AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_VERBOSE)

AVRDUDE_FLAGS += $(AVRDUDE_ERASE_COUNTER)

#---------------- Debugging Options ----------------

# For simulavr only - target MCU frequency.

DEBUG_MFREQ = $(F_CPU)

# Set the DEBUG_UI to either gdb or insight.

# DEBUG_UI = gdb

DEBUG_UI = insight

# Set the debugging back-end to either avarice, simulavr.

DEBUG_BACKEND = avarice

#DEBUG_BACKEND = simulavr

# GDB Init Filename.

GDBINIT_FILE = __avr_gdbinit

# When using avarice settings for the JTAG

JTAG_DEV = /dev/com1

# Debugging port used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr.

DEBUG_PORT = 4242

# Debugging host used to communicate between GDB / avarice / simulavr, normally

#     just set to localhost unless doing some sort of crazy debugging when

#     avarice is running on a different computer.

DEBUG_HOST = localhost

#============================================================================

# Define programs and commands.

SHELL = sh

CC = avr-gcc

OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy

OBJDUMP = avr-objdump

SIZE = avr-size

NM = avr-nm

AVRDUDE = avrdude

REMOVE = rm -f

REMOVEDIR = rmdir

COPY = cp

WINSHELL = cmd

# Define Messages

# English

MSG_ERRORS_NONE = Errors: none

MSG_BEGIN = -------- begin --------

MSG_END = --------  end  --------

MSG_SIZE_BEFORE = Size before:

MSG_SIZE_AFTER = Size after:

MSG_COFF = Converting to AVR COFF:

MSG_EXTENDED_COFF = Converting to AVR Extended COFF:

MSG_FLASH = Creating load file for Flash:

MSG_EEPROM = Creating load file for EEPROM:

MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING = Creating Extended Listing:

MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE = Creating Symbol Table:

MSG_LINKING = Linking:

MSG_COMPILING = Compiling:

MSG_ASSEMBLING = Assembling:

MSG_CLEANING = Cleaning project:

# Define all object files.

OBJ = $(SRC:.c=.o) $(ASRC:.S=.o)

# Define all listing files.

LST = $(SRC:.c=.lst) $(ASRC:.S=.lst)

# Compiler flags to generate dependency files.

GENDEPFLAGS = -MD -MP -MF .dep/$(@F).d

# Combine all necessary flags and optional flags.

# Add target processor to flags.

ALL_CFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $(GENDEPFLAGS)

ALL_ASFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x assembler-with-cpp $(ASFLAGS)

# Default target.

all: begin gccversion sizebefore build sizeafter end

build: elf hex eep lss sym

elf: $(TARGET).elf

hex: $(TARGET).hex

eep: $(TARGET).eep

lss: $(TARGET).lss

sym: $(TARGET).sym

# Eye candy.

# AVR Studio 3.x does not check make's exit code but relies on

# the following magic strings to be generated by the compile job.

begin:

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_BEGIN)

end:

	@echo $(MSG_END)

	@echo

# Display size of file.

HEXSIZE = $(SIZE) --target=$(FORMAT) $(TARGET).hex

ELFSIZE = $(SIZE) --format=avr --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf

sizebefore:

	@if test -f $(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_BEFORE); $(ELFSIZE); \

	2>/dev/null; echo; fi

sizeafter:

	@if test -f $(TARGET).elf; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_AFTER); $(ELFSIZE); \

	2>/dev/null; echo; fi

# Display compiler version information.

gccversion :

	@$(CC) --version

# Program the device.

program: $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).eep

	$(AVRDUDE) $(AVRDUDE_FLAGS) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM)

# Generate avr-gdb config/init file which does the following:

#     define the reset signal, load the target file, connect to target, and set

#     a breakpoint at main().

gdb-config:

	@$(REMOVE) $(GDBINIT_FILE)

	@echo define reset >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

	@echo SIGNAL SIGHUP >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

	@echo end >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

	@echo file $(TARGET).elf >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

	@echo target remote $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT)  >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND),simulavr)

	@echo load  >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

endif

	@echo break main >> $(GDBINIT_FILE)

debug: gdb-config $(TARGET).elf

ifeq ($(DEBUG_BACKEND), avarice)

	@echo Starting AVaRICE - Press enter when "waiting to connect" message displays.

	@$(WINSHELL) /c start avarice --jtag $(JTAG_DEV) --erase --program --file \

	$(TARGET).elf $(DEBUG_HOST):$(DEBUG_PORT)

	@$(WINSHELL) /c pause

else

	@$(WINSHELL) /c start simulavr --gdbserver --device $(MCU) --clock-freq \

	$(DEBUG_MFREQ) --port $(DEBUG_PORT)

endif

	@$(WINSHELL) /c start avr-$(DEBUG_UI) --command=$(GDBINIT_FILE)

# Convert ELF to COFF for use in debugging / simulating in AVR Studio or VMLAB.

COFFCONVERT=$(OBJCOPY) --debugging \

--change-section-address .data-0x800000 \

--change-section-address .bss-0x800000 \

--change-section-address .noinit-0x800000 \

--change-section-address .eeprom-0x810000

coff: $(TARGET).elf

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_COFF) $(TARGET).cof

	$(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-avr $< $(TARGET).cof

extcoff: $(TARGET).elf

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_COFF) $(TARGET).cof

	$(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-ext-avr $< $(TARGET).cof

# Create final output files (.hex, .eep) from ELF output file.

%.hex: %.elf

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_FLASH) $@

	$(OBJCOPY) -O $(FORMAT) -R .eeprom $< $@

%.eep: %.elf

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_EEPROM) $@

	-$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --set-section-flags .eeprom=alloc,load \

	--change-section-lma .eeprom=0 --no-change-warnings -O $(FORMAT) $< $@ || exit 0

# Create extended listing file from ELF output file.

%.lss: %.elf

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING) $@

	$(OBJDUMP) -h -S $< > $@

# Create a symbol table from ELF output file.

%.sym: %.elf

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE) $@

	$(NM) -n $< > $@

# Link: create ELF output file from object files.

.SECONDARY : $(TARGET).elf

.PRECIOUS : $(OBJ)

%.elf: $(OBJ)

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_LINKING) $@

	$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $^ --output $@ $(LDFLAGS)

# Compile: create object files from C source files.

%.o : %.c

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_COMPILING) $<

	$(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Compile: create assembler files from C source files.

%.s : %.c

	$(CC) -S $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Assemble: create object files from assembler source files.

%.o : %.S

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_ASSEMBLING) $<

	$(CC) -c $(ALL_ASFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Create preprocessed source for use in sending a bug report.

%.i : %.c

	$(CC) -E -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@

# Target: clean project.

clean: begin clean_list end

clean_list :

	@echo

	@echo $(MSG_CLEANING)

# We want to keep the generated hexfiles:

#	$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).hex

	$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).eep

	$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).cof

	$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).elf

	$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).map

	$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).sym

	$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).lss

	$(REMOVE) $(OBJ)

	$(REMOVE) $(LST)

	$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.s)

	$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.d)

	$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.i)

	$(REMOVE) .dep/*

	$(REMOVEDIR) .dep

# Include the dependency files.

include $(shell mkdir .dep 2>/dev/null) $(wildcard .dep/*)

# Listing of phony targets.

.PHONY : all begin finish end sizebefore sizeafter gccversion \

build elf hex eep lss sym coff extcoff \

clean clean_list program debug gdb-config

###############################################################################

# Based on WinAVR Sample makefile written by Eric B. Weddington,

# Jörg Wunsch, et al.

# Released to the Public Domain.

# Please read the "make" user manual!

#

# On command line:

#

# make all = Make software.

#

# make clean = Clean out built project files.

#

# make coff = Convert ELF to AVR COFF.

#

# make extcoff = Convert ELF to AVR Extended COFF.

#

# make program = Download the hex file to the device, using avrdude.

#                Please customize the avrdude settings first!

#

# make debug = Start either simulavr or avarice as specified for debugging,

#              with avr-gdb or avr-insight as the front end for debugging.

#

# make filename.s = Just compile filename.c into the assembler code only.

#

# make filename.i = Create a preprocessed source file for use in submitting

#                   bug reports to the GCC project.

#

# To rebuild project do "make clean" then "make all".

#

###############################################################################

% ainf-20151203.pdf - Lecture Slides on Applied Computer Sciences

% Copyright (C) 2012, 2013, 2015  Peter Gerwinski

%

% This document is free software: you can redistribute it and/or

% modify it either under the terms of the Creative Commons

% Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License, or under the terms of the

% GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software

% Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)

% any later version.

%

% This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

% MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

% GNU General Public License for more details.

%

% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

% along with this document.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

%

% You should have received a copy of the Creative Commons

% Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License along with this

% document.  If not, see <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/>.

\documentclass[10pt,t]{beamer}

\usepackage{pgslides}

\usepackage{pdftricks}

\newrgbcolor{orange}{0.7 0.2 0.0}

\begin{psinputs}

  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

  \usepackage[german]{babel}

  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

  \usepackage{helvet}

  \renewcommand*\familydefault{\sfdefault}

  \usepackage{pstricks,pst-grad,pst-node,pst-plot}

\end{psinputs}

\lstdefinestyle{asm}{basicstyle=\color{structure},

                     language={},

                     gobble=4}

\title{Angewandte Informatik}

\author{Prof.\ Dr.\ rer.\ nat.\ Peter Gerwinski}

\date{3.\ Dezember 2015}

\begin{document}

\maketitleframe

\sectionnonumber{\inserttitle}

\begin{frame}

  \showsectionnonumber

  \begin{itemize}

    \item[\textbf{1}] \textbf{Einführung}

    \item[\textbf{2}] \textbf{Einführung in C}

    \item[\textbf{3}] \textbf{Bibliotheken}

    \item[\textbf{4}] \textbf{Algorithmen}

      \begin{itemize}

        \item[4.1] Differentialgleichungen

        \item[4.2] Rekursion

        \color{medgreen}

        \item[4.3] Stack und FIFO

        \color{gray}

        \item[4.4] Aufwandsabschätzungen

      \end{itemize}

    \color{red}

    \item[\textbf{5}] \textbf{Hardwarenahe Programmierung}

    \color{gray}

    \item[\makebox(0,0){\textbf{\raisebox{0.5ex}{\dots}}}]

%    \item[\textbf{6}] \textbf{Ergänzungen und Ausblicke}

  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\section{Einführung}

\section{Einführung in C}

\section{Bibliotheken}

\section{Algorithmen}