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Commits on Source 81

557 files
+ 21545
− 1721
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Files

20220314/foo/test-2.txt

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Test

20220314/foo/test.txt

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Test

20220314/hello-1.log

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> cat hello.sh

echo "Hello, world!"

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ./hello.sh

bash: ./hello.sh: Keine Berechtigung

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ls -l hello.sh

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 21 Mär 14 15:43 hello.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> chmod +x hello.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ls -l hello.sh

-rwxr-xr-x 1 peter peter 21 Mär 14 15:43 hello.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ./hello.sh

Hello, world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314>

20220314/logo-hochschule-bochum.pdf

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../common/logo-hochschule-bochum.pdf
 
 No newline at end of file

20220314/ls

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echo "Fiese Dinge" >> /etc/passwd

/bin/ls "$@"

20220314/test-2.txt

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Test

20220314/test.txt

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Test

20220321/logo-hochschule-bochum.pdf

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../common/logo-hochschule-bochum.pdf
 
 No newline at end of file

20220321/test-1.txt

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Test

20220321/test-3.txt

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Test

20220321/test-4.txt

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Test

20220328/Uebung/AppRelease.h

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#if defined (testconfig1)

	#define FW_RELEASE	0x0123u	/* BCD format, 16 bit */



#elif defined (testconfig2)

	#define FW_RELEASE	0x4567u	/* BCD format, 16 bit */

20220328/Uebung/get_release.sh

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#!/bin/bash



APP_RELEASE_PATH=AppRelease.h

APP_CONFIGURATION=testconfig1



# grep: -n:Zeilennummer, -w:vollständiges Wort, -i:ignoriere Gross/Kleinschreibung

# cut: -d:Trennzeichen, -f1: auszugebende Felder



LINE=$(grep -nwi $APP_RELEASE_PATH -e $APP_CONFIGURATION | cut -d":" -f1)

LINE=$((LINE + 1))



# sed: -n:quiet, regex: suche nach '0x' und gib den String ab dort zurück



VERSION=$(sed -n ${LINE}p $APP_RELEASE_PATH | sed -n 's/.*\(0x\)/\1/p')

# Alternative:

# VERSION=$(sed -n ${LINE}p $APP_RELEASE_PATH | grep -o "0x[0-9a-f].*u)





# Ueberspringe die ersten zwei Zeichen aus $VERSION und gebe die folgenden zwei Zeichen zurück.



echo ${VERSION:2:2}.${VERSION:4:2}

20220328/Uebung/get_release.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> cat get_release.sh

#!/bin/bash



APP_RELEASE_PATH=AppRelease.h

APP_CONFIGURATION=testconfig1



# grep: -n:Zeilennummer, -w:vollständiges Wort, -i:ignoriere Gross/Kleinschreibung

# cut: -d:Trennzeichen, -f1: auszugebende Felder



LINE=$(grep -nwi $APP_RELEASE_PATH -e $APP_CONFIGURATION | cut -d":" -f1)

LINE=$((LINE + 1))



# sed: -n:quiet, regex: suche nach '0x' und gib den String ab dort zurück



VERSION=$(sed -n ${LINE}p $APP_RELEASE_PATH | sed -n 's/.*\(0x\)/\1/p')

# Alternative:

# VERSION=$(sed -n ${LINE}p $APP_RELEASE_PATH | grep -o "0x[0-9a-f].*u)





# Ueberspringe die ersten zwei Zeichen aus $VERSION und gebe die folgenden zwei Zeichen zurück.



echo ${VERSION:2:2}.${VERSION:4:2}



cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> chmod +x get_release.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> ./get_release.sh

01.23

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> cat AppRelease.h

#if defined (testconfig1)

	#define FW_RELEASE	0x0123u	/* BCD format, 16 bit */



#elif defined (testconfig2)

	#define FW_RELEASE	0x4567u	/* BCD format, 16 bit */



cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> echo "        #define FW_RELEASE      0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */"

        #define FW_RELEASE      0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */

Sie haben neue Post in /var/mail/peter.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> echo "        #define FW_RELEASE      0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */" | sed -n 's/.*\(0x\)/\1/p'

0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> echo "        #define FW_RELEASE      0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */" | sed -n 's/.*0x/0x/p'

0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> echo "        #define FW_RELEASE      0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */" | sed -n 's/^.*0x/0x/p'

0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328/Uebung> echo "        #define FW_RELEASE      0x0123u /* BCD format, 16 bit */" | grep -o "0x[0-9a-f].*u"

0x0123u

20220328/bs-20220328.txt

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Übungsaufgabe:



Schreiben Sie ein Unix-Shell-Skript, das eine alltägliche Aufgabe

automatisch erledigt.



Beispiel: Bilder von einer Webseite herunterladen





#!/bin/bash



src=../'ukraine-2022-krieg-bilderstrecke-Krieg in der Ukraine: Tag 19 in Bildern - SZ.de.html'

url='https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/politik/krieg-in-der-ukraine-tag-19-in-bildern-e418674/'



grep -o '_modules_[0-9]*_data_[selct_]*background_image_desktop[0-9a-fwhqr-]*\.jpg' "$src" \

  | while read pattern; do                                                                  

      wget "$url$pattern"

    done         





Bilderstrecken: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/politik/krieg-in-der-ukraine-e333697/





SUBPAGES=$(curl -Ssl https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/politik/krieg-in-der-ukraine-e333697/ | grep -o "class=\"link svelte-1mm0cdc\" href=\".*/.*\">" | grep -o "https.*/")

20220328/for-1.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> for x in foo bar baz; do echo $x; done

foo

bar

baz

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> for x in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do echo $x; done

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> for x in $(seq 10); do echo $x; done

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> for x in $(seq -f "%04g" 10); do echo $x; done

0001

0002

0003

0004

0005

0006

0007

0008

0009

0010

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> for x in $(seq -f "%04g" 17 23); do echo $x; done

0017

0018

0019

0020

0021

0022

0023

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> echo cp -pi $(for x in $(seq -f "image-%04g.jpg" 17 23); do echo $x; done) sonstwohin/

cp -pi image-0017.jpg image-0018.jpg image-0019.jpg image-0020.jpg image-0021.jpg image-0022.jpg image-0023.jpg sonstwohin/

20220328/for-2.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> for ((i = 1 ; i <= 10 ; i++)); do echo $i; done

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

20220328/get-imgs-1.sh

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#!/bin/bash



URL="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/politik/krieg-in-der-ukraine-e333697/"



SUBPAGES=$(curl -Ssl "$URL" \

           | grep -o "class=\"link svelte-1mm0cdc\" href=\".*/.*\">" \

           | grep -o "https.*/")



for x in $SUBPAGES; do

  echo $x

done

20220328/get-imgs-2.sh

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#!/bin/bash



URL="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/politik/krieg-in-der-ukraine-e333697/"

TMPDIR=tmp



SUBPAGES=$(curl -Ssl "$URL" \

           | grep -o "class=\"link svelte-1mm0cdc\" href=\".*/.*\">" \

           | grep -o "https.*/")



mkdir "$TMPDIR"

cd "$TMPDIR"

for x in $SUBPAGES; do

  wget "$x"

done

20220328/if-0.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> cat test.txt

Test

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> grep Test test.txt

Test

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> grep Toast test.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> echo $?

1

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> grep Test test.txt

Test

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> echo $?

0

20220328/if-1.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> if grep Test test.txt; then echo "gefunden"; else echo "nicht gefunden"; fi

Test

gefunden

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> if grep Test test.txt > /dev/null; then echo "gefunden"; else echo "nicht gefunden"; fi

gefunden

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> if grep -q Test test.txt; then echo "gefunden"; else echo "nicht gefunden"; fi

gefunden

20220328/if-2.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> if grep -q Test test.txt

> then echo "gefunden"

> else echo "nicht gefunden"

> fi

gefunden

20220328/if-3.sh

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if grep -q Test test.txt; then

  echo "gefunden"

else

  echo "nicht gefunden"

fi

20220328/if-3.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> cat if-3.sh

if grep -q Test test.txt; then

  echo "gefunden"

else

  echo "nicht gefunden"

fi

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> chmod +x if-3.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ./if-3.sh

gefunden

20220328/ls-2.both

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-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 20 Mär 28 13:14 test.txt

20220328/ls.both

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ls: Zugriff auf 'bla.txt' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 20 Mär 28 13:14 test.txt

20220328/ls.err

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ls: Zugriff auf 'bla.txt' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

20220328/ls.txt

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-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 20 Mär 28 13:14 test.txt

20220328/pipes-1.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.bc

1 + 1

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> bc < test.bc

2

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> echo "2 + 2" | bc

4

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt

Test

Noch ein Test.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt | sed -e 's/Test/Toast/g'

Toast

Noch ein Toast.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt | gzip

gzip: compressed data not written to a terminal. Use -f to force compression.

For help, type: gzip -h

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt | gzip -f

7�Ab

    I-.���O�PH����s�d-cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt | gzip | gunzip

Test

Noch ein Test.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt | gzip | cat | gunzip

Test

Noch ein Test.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt | gzip > test.txt.gz

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt.gz

w�Ab

    I-.���O�PH����s�d-cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat test.txt.gz | gunzip

Test

Noch ein Test.

20220328/pipes-2.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ls *.pdf

bs-20220314.pdf                      logo-hochschule-bochum.pdf         unix-20220314.pdf

logo-hochschule-bochum-cvh-text.pdf  Operating_system_placement-de.pdf

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ls *.pdf | grep -v logo

bs-20220314.pdf

Operating_system_placement-de.pdf

unix-20220314.pdf

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> echo $(ls *.pdf | grep -v logo)

bs-20220314.pdf Operating_system_placement-de.pdf unix-20220314.pdf

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ls -l $(ls *.pdf | grep -v logo)

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 132739 Mär 13 22:24 bs-20220314.pdf

lrwxrwxrwx 1 peter peter     43 Apr 17  2016 Operating_system_placement-de.pdf -> ../common/Operating_system_placement-de.pdf

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 149583 Mär 21 15:16 unix-20220314.pdf

20220328/redirection-1.txt

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-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 20 Mär 28 13:14 test.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> ls -l test.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 20 Mär 28 13:14 test.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> ls -l test.txt bla.txt

ls: Zugriff auf 'bla.txt' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 20 Mär 28 13:14 test.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> ls -l test.txt bla.txt >> ls.txt

ls: Zugriff auf 'bla.txt' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> ls -l test.txt bla.txt 2> ls.err

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 20 Mär 28 13:14 test.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat ls.err

ls: Zugriff auf 'bla.txt' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> ls -l test.txt bla.txt > ls.both 2>&1

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220328> cat ls.both

ls: Zugriff auf 'bla.txt' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 20 Mär 28 13:14 test.txt

20220328/test.bc

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1 + 1

20220328/test.txt

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Test

Noch ein Test.

20220328/wildcards-1.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> ls *.txt

for-1.txt  if-0.txt  if-2.txt  pipes-2.txt  test.txt

for-2.txt  if-1.txt  if-3.txt  test-2.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> echo mv -i {for,if,pipes}-*.txt ../20220321/

mv -i for-1.txt for-2.txt if-0.txt if-1.txt if-2.txt if-3.txt pipes-2.txt ../20220321/

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220314> mv -i {for,if,pipes}-*.txt ../20220321/

20220328/wildcards-2.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220321> ls *.txt

for-1.txt  if-0.txt  if-2.txt  pipes-2.txt  test-2.txt  test-4.txt

for-2.txt  if-1.txt  if-3.txt  test-1.txt   test-3.txt  wildcards-1.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220321> ls *.txt | grep -v test

for-1.txt

for-2.txt

if-0.txt

if-1.txt

if-2.txt

if-3.txt

pipes-2.txt

wildcards-1.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220321> echo mv $(ls *.txt | grep -v test) ../20220328/

mv for-1.txt for-2.txt if-0.txt if-1.txt if-2.txt if-3.txt pipes-2.txt wildcards-1.txt ../20220328/

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220321> mv $(ls *.txt | grep -v test) ../20220328/

20220404/Makefile

deleted120000 → 0
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Makefile-modules
 
 No newline at end of file

20220404/Makefile-1

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philosophy: philosophy.o answer.o

	gcc philosophy.o answer.o -o philosophy



answer.o: answer.c answer.h

	gcc -Wall -O answer.c -c



philosophy.o: philosophy.c answer.h

	gcc -Wall -O philosophy.c -c

20220404/Makefile-2

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TARGET = philosophy

OBJECTS = philosophy.o answer.o

HEADERS = answer.h

CFLAGS = -Wall -O



$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS)

	gcc $(OBJECTS) -o $(TARGET)



answer.o: answer.c $(HEADERS)

	gcc $(CFLAGS) answer.c -c



philosophy.o: philosophy.c $(HEADERS)

	gcc $(CFLAGS) philosophy.c -c



clean:

	rm -f $(OBJECTS) $(TARGET)

20220404/Makefile-3

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TARGET = philosophy

OBJECTS = philosophy.o answer.o

HEADERS = answer.h

CFLAGS = -Wall -O



$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS)

	gcc $(OBJECTS) -o $(TARGET)



%.o: %.c $(HEADERS)

	gcc $(CFLAGS) $< -c



clean:

	rm -f $(OBJECTS) $(TARGET)

20220404/Makefile-4

deleted100644 → 0
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TARGET = philosophy

OBJECTS = philosophy.o answer.o

HEADERS = answer.h

CFLAGS = -Wall -O



all: $(TARGET)



$(TARGET): $(OBJECTS)

	gcc $(OBJECTS) -o $(TARGET)



%.o: %.c $(HEADERS)

	gcc $(CFLAGS) $< -c



clean:

	rm -f $(OBJECTS) $(TARGET)

20220404/answer.c

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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#include "answer.h"



int answer (void)

{

  return ANSWER;

}

20220404/answer.h

deleted100644 → 0
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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
extern int answer (void);



#define ANSWER 42

20220404/hello world 2.c

deleted120000 → 0
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hello-2.c
 
 No newline at end of file

20220404/hello world.c

deleted120000 → 0
+0 −1
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hello-1.c
 
 No newline at end of file

20220404/make-1.txt

deleted100644 → 0
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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat philosophy.c

#include <stdio.h>

#include "answer.h"



int main (void)

{

  printf ("The answer is %d.\n", answer ());

  return 0;

}

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat answer.h

extern int answer (void);



#define ANSWER 42

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat answer.c

#include "answer.h"



int answer (void)

{

  return ANSWER;

}

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> gcc -Wall -O philosophy.c -o philosophy

/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccjJ8ZhE.o: in function `main':

philosophy.c:(.text+0x5): undefined reference to `answer'

collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> gcc -Wall -O philosophy.c answer.c -o philosophy

Sie haben neue Post in /var/mail/peter.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./philosophy

The answer is 42.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> gcc -Wall -O philosophy.c -c

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> gcc -Wall -O answer.c -c

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls -l philosophy.[co] answer.[co]

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter   60 Dez 13 13:46 answer.c

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 1208 Apr  4 13:57 answer.o

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter  117 Jan  4  2021 philosophy.c

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 1632 Apr  4 13:57 philosophy.o

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> gcc philosophy.o answer.o -o philosophy

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./philosophy

The answer is 42.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> gcc philosophy.o -o philosophy

/usr/bin/ld: philosophy.o: in function `main':

philosophy.c:(.text+0x5): undefined reference to `answer'

collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat Makefile-1

philosophy: philosophy.o answer.o

        gcc philosophy.o answer.o -o philosophy



answer.o: answer.c answer.h

        gcc -Wall -O answer.c -c



philosophy.o: philosophy.c answer.h

        gcc -Wall -O philosophy.c -c

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> make

make: *** Es wurden keine Ziele angegeben und keine „make“-Steuerdatei gefunden.  Schluss.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> make -f Makefile-1

gcc philosophy.o answer.o -o philosophy

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> rm *.o

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> make -f Makefile-1

gcc -Wall -O philosophy.c -c

gcc -Wall -O answer.c -c

gcc philosophy.o answer.o -o philosophy

20220404/make-2.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −45
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
/*

 *  hello-1.c - The simplest kernel module.

 */

#include <linux/module.h>       /* Needed by all modules */

#include <linux/kernel.h>       /* Needed for KERN_INFO */



int init_module(void)

{

        printk(KERN_INFO "Hello world 1.\n");



        /*

         * A non 0 return means init_module failed; module can't be loaded.

         */

        return 0;

}



void cleanup_module(void)

{

        printk(KERN_INFO "Goodbye world 1.\n");

}

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat Makefile-modules-1

obj-m += hellomod-1.o



# obj-m += hellomod-2.o

# obj-m += chardev-1.o



all:

        make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules



clean:

        make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ln -sf Makefile-modules-1 Makefile

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> echo /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build

bash: shell: Kommando nicht gefunden.

/lib/modules//build

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> echo /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build

/lib/modules/4.19.0-12-amd64/build

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls /lib/modules/4.19.0-12-amd64/build

arch  include  Makefile  Module.symvers  scripts  tools

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> uname

Linux

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> uname -r

4.19.0-12-amd64

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> pwd

/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404

20220404/modules-2.txt

deleted100644 → 0
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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> sudo dmesg

[...]

[1583119.050593] hellomod_1: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.

[1583119.050600] hellomod_1: module license 'unspecified' taints kernel.

[1583119.050601] Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint

[1583119.050666] hellomod_1: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel

[1583119.051455] Hello world 1.

[1583136.476867] Goodbye world 1.

20220404/modules-3.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −4
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> sudo dmesg

[...]

[1583551.529893] Hello world 2.

[1583557.018894] Goodbye world 2.

20220404/modules-4.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −6
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
[1584035.731938] I was assigned major number 241. To talk to

[1584035.731939] the driver, create a dev file with

[1584035.731940] 'mknod /dev/chardev c 241 0'.

[1584035.731940] Try various minor numbers. Try to cat and echo to

[1584035.731941] the device file.

[1584035.731941] Remove the device file and module when done.

20220404/modules-5.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −15
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> mkdir dev

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> mknod dev/chardev c 241 0

mknod: dev/chardev: Die Operation ist nicht erlaubt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> sudo mknod dev/chardev c 241 0

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls -l dev/

insgesamt 0

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 0 Apr  4 14:39 chardev

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls -l /dev/tty

crw-rw-rw- 1 root tty 5, 0 Apr  4 14:22 /dev/tty

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat dev/chardev

I already told you 0 times Hello world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat dev/chardev

I already told you 1 times Hello world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat dev/chardev

I already told you 2 times Hello world!

20220404/nix-hello.c

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −15
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
int main (void)

{

  char *p = (char *) 0xb8000000;

  *p++ = 'H';

  *p++ = 0x04;

  *p++ = 'e';

  *p++ = 0x02;

  *p++ = 'l';

  *p++ = 0x01;

  *p++ = 'l';

  *p++ = 0x06;

  *p++ = 'o';

  *p++ = 0x03;

  return 0;

}

20220404/os-layers-1.jpg

deleted120000 → 0
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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
../common/os-layers-1.jpg
 
 No newline at end of file

20220404/os-layers-2.jpg

deleted120000 → 0
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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
../common/os-layers-2.jpg
 
 No newline at end of file

20220404/os-layers-3.jpg

deleted120000 → 0
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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
../common/os-layers-3.jpg
 
 No newline at end of file

20220404/os-layers-4.jpg

deleted120000 → 0
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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
../common/os-layers-4.jpg
 
 No newline at end of file

20220404/os-layers-5.jpg

deleted120000 → 0
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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
../common/os-layers-5.jpg
 
 No newline at end of file

20220404/parameters-1.txt

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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



echo $*

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> chmod +x parameters-1.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-1.sh



cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-1.sh foo bar bas

foo bar bas

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-1.sh foo bar baz

foo bar baz

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-1.sh "Dies ist ein Test." "Dies auch."

Dies ist ein Test. Dies auch.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-1.sh "Dies ist ein Test."                  "Dies    auch."

Dies ist ein Test. Dies auch.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-1.sh   foo     bar            baz

foo bar baz

20220404/parameters-3.sh

deleted100755 → 0
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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



echo $#

echo $*

echo '$*'

echo "$*"

20220404/parameters-3.txt

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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



echo $#

echo $*

echo '$*'

echo "$*"

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-3.sh

0



$*



cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-3.sh "Dies ist"    "ein     Test."

2

Dies ist ein Test.

$*

Dies ist ein     Test.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> echo Dies ist ein     Test.

Dies ist ein Test.

20220404/parameters-4.sh

deleted100755 → 0
+0 −5
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



for f in $*; do

  echo "Mache was mit der Datei \"$f\""

done

20220404/parameters-4.txt

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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



for f in $*; do

  echo "Mache was mit der Datei \"$f\""

done

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-4.sh hello*.c

Mache was mit der Datei "hello-1.c"

Mache was mit der Datei "hello-2.c"

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ln -s hello-1.c "hello world.c"

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ln -s hello-2.c "hello world 2.c"

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls hello\ *.c

'hello world 2.c'  'hello world.c'

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-4.sh hello\ *.c

Mache was mit der Datei "hello"

Mache was mit der Datei "world"

Mache was mit der Datei "2.c"

Mache was mit der Datei "hello"

Mache was mit der Datei "world.c"

20220404/parameters-5.sh

deleted100755 → 0
+0 −5
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



for f in "$*"; do

  echo "Mache was mit der Datei \"$f\""

done

20220404/parameters-5.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −10
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat parameters-5.sh 

#!/bin/bash



for f in "$*"; do

  echo "Mache was mit der Datei \"$f\""

done

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-5.sh hello\ *.c

Mache was mit der Datei "hello world 2.c hello world.c"

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls hello\ *.c

'hello world 2.c'  'hello world.c'

20220404/parameters-6.sh

deleted100755 → 0
+0 −5
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



for f in "$@"; do

  echo "Mache was mit der Datei \"$f\""

done

20220404/parameters-6.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −11
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



for f in "$@"; do

  echo "Mache was mit der Datei \"$f\""

done

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-6.sh hello\ *.c

Mache was mit der Datei "hello world 2.c"

Mache was mit der Datei "hello world.c"

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-6.sh     "Dies ist"   "ein    Test."

Mache was mit der Datei "Dies ist"

Mache was mit der Datei "ein    Test."

20220404/parameters-7.sh

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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



while [ -n "$1" ]; do

  echo "Mache was mit der Datei \"$1\""

  shift

done

20220404/parameters-7.txt

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+0 −9
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



while [ -n "$1" ]; do

  echo "Mache was mit der Datei \"$1\""

  shift

done

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./parameters-7.sh     "Dies ist"   "ein    Test."

Mache was mit der Datei "Dies ist"

Mache was mit der Datei "ein    Test."

20220404/vic-1.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −17
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> file_template=$(ls -rt *.c *.cpp *.sh *.py *.tex *.diff 2>/dev/null | tail -1)

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> echo $file_template 

parameters-7.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls -rt *.c *.cpp *.sh *.py *.tex *.diff 2>/dev/null | tail -1

parameters-7.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls -rt *.c *.cpp *.sh *.py *.tex *.diff 2>/dev/null

 hello-1.c         parameters-2.sh  'hello world.c'     parameters-6.sh

 hello-2.c         parameters-3.sh  'hello world 2.c'   parameters-7.sh

 parameters-1.sh   parameters-4.sh   parameters-5.sh

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls -rt *.c *.cpp *.sh *.py *.tex *.diff

ls: Zugriff auf '*.cpp' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

ls: Zugriff auf '*.py' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

ls: Zugriff auf '*.tex' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

ls: Zugriff auf '*.diff' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

 hello-1.c         parameters-2.sh  'hello world.c'     parameters-6.sh

 hello-2.c         parameters-3.sh  'hello world 2.c'   parameters-7.sh

 parameters-1.sh   parameters-4.sh   parameters-5.sh

20220404/vic-2.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −47
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#!/bin/bash



debug=true



if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then

  $debug && echo "parameters = $@"

  shift $(( $# - 1 ))

  file_template="$1"

else

  file_template=$(ls -rt *.c *.cpp *.sh *.py *.tex *.diff 2>/dev/null | tail -1)

fi



$debug && echo "file_template = $file_template"



file_extension=$(echo $file_template | sed -e 's/.*\.\(.*$\)/\1/')

file_base=$(echo $file_template | sed -e 's/\(.*\)\..*$/\1/')



$debug && echo "file_extension = $file_extension"

$debug && echo "file_base = $file_base"



file_number=$(echo $file_base | sed -e 's/^.*-\([0-9]*$\)/\1/')

file_stem=$(echo $file_base | sed -e 's/^\(.*\)-[0-9]*$/\1/')



$debug && echo "file_number = $file_number"

$debug && echo "file_number = $file_stem"



while [ -e "$file_stem-$file_number.$file_extension" ]; do

  file_number=$((file_number + 1))

done

new_file_name="$file_stem-$file_number.$file_extension"



$debug && echo "new_file_name = $new_file_name" && read junk



cp -pi "$file_template" "$new_file_name"

#$EDITOR "$new_file_name"

/usr/bin/vim -X -c 'set sw=2' -c 'set expandtab' -c 'set ai' -c 'set nowrap' \

  "$new_file_name"

clear

cat "$new_file_name"

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ./vic

file_template = parameters-7.sh

file_extension = sh

file_base = parameters-7

file_number = 7

file_number = parameters

new_file_name = parameters-8.sh

^C

20220411/Makefile

deleted120000 → 0
+0 −1
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
Makefile-modules
 
 No newline at end of file

20220411/cat-chardev-2.c

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −16
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
#include <stdio.h>

#include <error.h>

#include <errno.h>



int main (void)

{

  char buffer[100];

  FILE *f = fopen ("dev/chardev", "r");

  if (!f)

    error (errno, errno, "could not open dev/chardev");

  fgets (buffer, 100, stdin);

  fgets (buffer, 100, f);

  printf ("%s\n", buffer);

  fclose (f);

  return 0;

}

20220411/glibc-1.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −6
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> dir -d glibc*

drwxr-xr-x 73 peter peter     4096 Apr 11 13:29 glibc-2.28

-rw-r--r--  1 peter peter   899676 Mär 17 23:12 glibc_2.28-10+deb10u1.debian.tar.xz

-rw-r--r--  1 peter peter     8921 Mär 17 23:12 glibc_2.28-10+deb10u1.dsc

-rw-r--r--  1 peter peter 17061292 Okt 30  2018 glibc_2.28.orig.tar.xz

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> apt-get source libc6

20220411/modules-6.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −50
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> sudo insmod chardev-1.ko

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> sudo dmesg | tail -15

[2143588.930267] usb 4-1.5: Manufacturer: Chicony Electronics Co.,Ltd.

[2143588.930270] usb 4-1.5: SerialNumber: 200901010001

[2143588.937888] uvcvideo: Found UVC 1.00 device USB2.0 HD UVC WebCam (04f2:b330)

[2143588.955826] uvcvideo 4-1.5:1.0: Entity type for entity Extension 4 was not initialized!

[2143588.955832] uvcvideo 4-1.5:1.0: Entity type for entity Processing 2 was not initialized!

[2143588.955834] uvcvideo 4-1.5:1.0: Entity type for entity Camera 1 was not initialized!

[2143588.955951] input: USB2.0 HD UVC WebCam: USB2.0 HD as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb4/4-1/4-1.5/4-1.5:1.0/input/input426

[2144883.840634] Hello world 1.

[2144980.069509] Goodbye world 1.

[2145413.353119] I was assigned major number 241. To talk to

[2145413.353121] the driver, create a dev file with

[2145413.353121] 'mknod /dev/chardev c 241 0'.

[2145413.353121] Try various minor numbers. Try to cat and echo to

[2145413.353122] the device file.

[2145413.353122] Remove the device file and module when done.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls -l dev

insgesamt 0

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 0 Apr  4 14:39 chardev

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat dev/chardev

I already told you 0 times Hello world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat dev/chardev

I already told you 1 times Hello world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat dev/chardev

I already told you 2 times Hello world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> sudo rmmod chardev_1

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> ls -l dev/chardev

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 0 Apr  4 14:39 dev/chardev

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cat dev/chardev

cat: dev/chardev: Kein passendes Gerät bzw. keine passende Adresse gefunden

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220404> cd ../20220411/

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> ls -l

insgesamt 28

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 4069 Apr  4  2014 chardev-1.c

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 4659 Mai  5  2017 chardev-2.c

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 4997 Apr 26  2019 chardev-3.c

lrwxrwxrwx 1 peter peter   16 Apr 10 12:31 Makefile -> Makefile-modules

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter  159 Apr 10 12:35 Makefile-modules

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 2495 Apr 10 12:43 SCRATCH

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> mkdir dev

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> sudo mknod dev/chardev c 241 1

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> ls -l dev

insgesamt 0

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 1 Apr 11 11:42 chardev

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> ls -l dev/chardev

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 1 Apr 11 11:42 dev/chardev

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> cat dev/chardev

cat: dev/chardev: Kein passendes Gerät bzw. keine passende Adresse gefunden

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411>

20220411/modules-7.txt

deleted100644 → 0
+0 −20
Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
/*

 * Called when a process writes to dev file: echo "hi" > /dev/hello

 */

static ssize_t

device_write(struct file *filp, const char *buff, size_t len, loff_t * off)

{

        printk(KERN_ALERT "Sorry, this operation isn't supported.\n");

        return -EINVAL;

}

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> echo "Hallo" > dev/chardev

bash: dev/chardev: Keine Berechtigung

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> sudo su -

[sudo] Passwort für peter:

Das hat nicht funktioniert, bitte nochmal probieren.

[sudo] Passwort für peter:

root@cassini:~# . bash-settings.pg

cassini/root# cd ~peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411/

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411# echo "Hallo" > dev/chardev

-bash: echo: Schreibfehler: Das Argument ist ungültig.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411#

20220411/modules-8.txt

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Original line number Original line Diff line number Diff line 
brw-rw----  1 root disk      8,  32 Apr 11 12:57 sdc

brw-rw----  1 root disk      8,  33 Apr 11 12:57 sdc1

drwxr-xr-x  2 root root         400 Apr 11 12:57 block

crw-------  1 root root    241,   0 Apr 11 13:00 chardev

drwxr-xr-x  2 root root        4000 Apr 11 13:00 char

drwxrwxrwt  2 root root          60 Apr 11 13:00 shm

crw-rw-rw-  1 root tty       5,   2 Apr 11 13:00 ptmx

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> cat /dev/chardev

cat: /dev/chardev: Keine Berechtigung

Sie haben neue Post in /var/mail/peter.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> sudo cat /dev/chardev

I already told you 0 times Hello world!

Sie haben Post in /var/mail/peter.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> ls -l dev/chardev

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 1 Apr 11 11:42 dev/chardev

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> cat dev/chardev

I already told you 1 times Hello world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> sudo mknod dev/chardev0 c 241 0

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> ls -l dev/

insgesamt 0

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 1 Apr 11 11:42 chardev

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 0 Apr 11 13:04 chardev0

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> cat dev/chardev0

I already told you 2 times Hello world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> mknod dev/chardev0u c 241 0

mknod: dev/chardev0u: Die Operation ist nicht erlaubt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> which mknod

/bin/mknod

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> ls -l $(which mknod)

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 68544 Feb 28  2019 /bin/mknod

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> cat /dev/chardev

cat: /dev/chardev: Keine Berechtigung

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> sudo cat /dev/chardev

I already told you 3 times Hello world!

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> ls -l dev/* /dev/chardev

crw------- 1 root root 241, 0 Apr 11 13:00 /dev/chardev

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 1 Apr 11 11:42 dev/chardev

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 0 Apr 11 13:04 dev/chardev0

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> sudo rmmod chardev_1

rmmod: ERROR: Module chardev_1 is not currently loaded

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> sudo rmmod chardev_3

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> ls -l dev/* /dev/chardev

ls: Zugriff auf '/dev/chardev' nicht möglich: Datei oder Verzeichnis nicht gefunden

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 1 Apr 11 11:42 dev/chardev

crw-r--r-- 1 root root 241, 0 Apr 11 13:04 dev/chardev0

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> cat dev/chardev

cat: dev/chardev: Kein passendes Gerät bzw. keine passende Adresse gefunden

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411> cat dev/chardev0

cat: dev/chardev0: Kein passendes Gerät bzw. keine passende Adresse gefunden

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220411>

20220411/os-layers-1.jpg

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20220425/bs-20220425.txt

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Von der Anwendung bis zum Kernel: libc, 14.05.2021, 14:17:04

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

$ gcc -Wall -O -g3 hello-1.c -o hello-1

$ gdb -tui ./hello-1

(gdb) b 5  # setze Breakpoint vor printf()-Aufruf

(gdb) run

(gdb) step  # springe in die aufgerufene Funktion hinein

(gdb) directory libc/glibc-2.28/libio  # Verzeichnis für Quelltext mitteilen

--> _IO_puts()

(gdb) next  # 1 Zeile ausführen

--> _IO_sputn()  # springe in die aufgerufene Funktion hinein

--> IO_validate_vtable()  # In dieser Funktion landen wir stattdessen.

--> return vtable;

--> "Hello, world!\n" erscheint auf dem Bildschirm.

--> ???



_IO_sputn() ist keine Funktion, sondern ein Präprozessor-Makro,

der _IO_XSPUTN() aufruft.



_IO_XSPUTN() ist keine Funktion, sondern ein Präprozessor-Makro,

der JUMP2() aufruft und zusätzlich __xsputn

als ersten Parameter übergibt.



JUMP2() ist keine Funktion, sondern ein Präprozessor-Makro,

der die Funktion _IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)->FUNC() aufruft

und zusätzlich THIS als ersten Parameter übergibt.

FUNC hat hierbei den Wert __xsputn, und

THIS hat den Wert FP, also die Datei, hier also stdout.



_IO_JUMPS_FUNC() ist keine Funktion, sondern ein Präprozessor-Makro,

der ...



# define _IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS) \

  (IO_validate_vtable                                                   \

   (*(struct _IO_jump_t **) ((void *) &_IO_JUMPS_FILE_plus (THIS)       \

                             + (THIS)->_vtable_offset)))



... prüft, ob die virtuelle Methodentabelle (vtable) in Ordnung ist

und einen Zeiger darauf zurückliefert.

Anschließend kann JUMP2() die tatsächliche Funktion __xsputn() aufrufen.



Gesamtergebnis:



_IO_sputn() ist eine virtuelle Methode der Datei.

THIS hat den Wert der Datei, hier also stdout.



...

--> return vtable;

--> _IO_new_file_xsputn()



_IO_default_xsputn (f, ...)

--> _IO_OVERFLOW (f, EOF)

--> IO_valudate_vtable()  # Aufruf einer virtuellen Methode

--> _IO_new_file_overflow()

--> _IO_do_write (f, ...)  # Präprozessor-Makro für ...

--> _IO_new_do_write (f, ...)

... Schleife ...

Datei fileops.c, Zeile 791

--> _IO_new_do_write (f, ...)

--> new_do_write (f, ...)

--> _IO_SYSWRITE (fp, ...)

--> __libc_write()

Datei sysdeeps/unix/sysv/linux/write.c, Zeile 26

--> return SYSCALL_CANCEL (write, fd, buf, nbytes);



Systemaufrufe, 21.05.2021, 12:08:00

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

hello-2.c

...

--> _IO_new_do_write (f, ...)

--> new_do_write (f, ...)

--> _IO_SYSWRITE (fp, ...)

--> __libc_write()

Datei sysdeeps/unix/sysv/linux/write.c, Zeile 26

--> return SYSCALL_CANCEL (write, fd, buf, nbytes);



b+ │0x7ffff7eb54f0 <__GI___libc_write>      lea    0xd61f9(%rip),%rax        # 0x7ffff7f8b6f0 │

  >│0x7ffff7eb54f7 <__GI___libc_write+7>    mov    (%rax),%eax                                │

   │0x7ffff7eb54f9 <__GI___libc_write+9>    test   %eax,%eax                                  │

   │0x7ffff7eb54fb <__GI___libc_write+11>   jne    0x7ffff7eb5510 <__GI___libc_write+32>      │

   │0x7ffff7eb54fd <__GI___libc_write+13>   mov    $0x1,%eax                                  │

   │0x7ffff7eb5502 <__GI___libc_write+18>   syscall                                           │

   │0x7ffff7eb5504 <__GI___libc_write+20>   cmp    $0xfffffffffffff000,%rax                   │

   │0x7ffff7eb550a <__GI___libc_write+26>   ja     0x7ffff7eb5560 <__GI___libc_write+112>     │

   │0x7ffff7eb550c <__GI___libc_write+28>   retq                                              │

   │0x7ffff7eb550d <__GI___libc_write+29>   nopl   (%rax)                                     │

   │0x7ffff7eb5510 <__GI___libc_write+32>   push   %r12                                       │

   │0x7ffff7eb5512 <__GI___libc_write+34>   mov    %rdx,%r12                                  │

   │0x7ffff7eb5515 <__GI___libc_write+37>   push   %rbp                                    



lea: Lade einen Zeiger aus einer konstanten Tabelle in das rax-Register

mov: Lade das, worauf der Zeiger zeigt, in das eax-Register

test: Prüfe, welchen Wert eax hat

jne: Jump if Not Equal = bedingter Sprung, falls ungleich 0 (Vermutung: Fehler)

mov: Lade die Zahl 1 als Parameter für syscall in das eax-Register. 1 steht für "write".

syscall: übergebe an den Kernel --> schreibt "Hello, world!\n" auf den Bildschirm

cmp: Vergleiche den Wert von eax mit einer Zahl

ja: Jump if Above (Prüfen auf Fehler)

retq: Beende die Funktion



syscall erwartet Parameter in den Prozessor-Registern:

  eax: Nummer der Funktion, die aufgerufen werden soll

  rsi: Zeiger auf die auszugebenden Daten

       (siehe: https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SysCall/linux-syscall-1.html)

  ebx oder edx: Länge der auszugebenden Daten

  (ggf. weitere Register)



Kernel, 25.05.2017, 17:53:23

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fragestellung: Wir haben in der glibc beim Maschinenbefehl "syscall"

aufgehört. Wie geht es nun im Kernel weiter? Wer nimmt den Funktions-

aufruf entgegen?



Suchbegriff: sys_call_table



--> Es gibt eine Tabelle, die für jeden der durchnumerierten Systemaufrufe

    einen Zeiger auf die aufzurufende Funktion enthält.



--> Der Maschinenbefehl "syscall" ruft eine Funktion innerhalb des

    Kernels auf. Wo steht, welche Funktion das ist?



arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c: Defnition des Arrays sys_call_table



Initialisiertes Array von Zeigern auf Funktionen.

Zunächst zeigen alle Zeiger auf die Funktion sys_ni_syscall(),

die lediglich eine Fehlermeldung zurückgibt ("nicht implementiert").

Danach werden auf diejenigen Funktionen, die es tatsächlich gibt

Zeiger initialisiert. Dies erfolgt durch ein #include der Datei

/usr/src/linux-headers-4.19.0-8-amd64/arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h

mit vorheriger Definition eines Präprozessor-Macros __SYSCALL().



  asmlinkage const sys_call_ptr_t sys_call_table[__NR_syscall_max+1] = {

          /*

           * Smells like a compiler bug -- it doesn't work

           * when the & below is removed.

           */

          [0 ... __NR_syscall_max] = &sys_ni_syscall,

  #include <asm/syscalls_64.h>

  -->     [0] = __x64_sys_read,

          [1] = __x64_sys_write,

          [2] = __x64_sys_open,

          ...

  };



Vorher wurden mit demselben Trick alle Funktionen vorwärts-deklariert:



  #define __SYSCALL_64(nr, sym, qual) extern asmlinkage long sym(const struct pt_regs *);

  #include <asm/syscalls_64.h>

  -->  extern asmlinkage long __x64_sys_read(const struct pt_regs *);

       extern asmlinkage long __x64_sys_write(const struct pt_regs *);

       extern asmlinkage long __x64_sys_open(const struct pt_regs *);

       ...

  #undef __SYSCALL_64



Wie können wur nun dafür sorgen, daß der Befehl syscall dieses Array

auch benutzt?



arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S enthält eine Funktion entry_SYSCALL_64,

die eine Funktion "do_syscall_64()" aufruft

und sich über "USERGS_SYSRET64" beendet.

Dies ist ein Präprozessor-Makro, der zu "swapgs; sysretq;" expandiert

(Definition in include/asm/irqflags.h).



Woher kommt die Include-Datei in "generated"?

arch/x86/entry/syscalls/Makefile ruft das Shell-Skript syscalltbl.sh auf.

Dieses liest syscall_64.tbl und erzeugt daraus syscall_64.h.



Damit haben wir die Funktion gefunden, die den Syscall entgegennehmen soll.

Daraus ergeben sich neue Fragen:

1. Wie sorge ich dafür, daß sie tatsächlich bei "syscall" aufgerufen wird?

2. Wie geht es von dort aus weiter bis zu der Tabelle "sys_call_table"?



zu 1.:

Suche nach "entry_SYSCALL_64" liefert:

arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c: wrmsrl(MSR_LSTAR, (unsigned long)entry_SYSCALL_64);



Was bedeutet "wrmsrl"?

https://sites.google.com/site/masumzh/articles/hypervisor-based-virtualization/compute-virtualization

"As shown below, the content of the IA32_LSTAR MSR (Model Specific Register)

is copied to the instruction pointer register (RIP) [...]"



Demnach ist das Prozessorregister "IA32_LSTAR MSR" die Einsprungadresse,

zu der der "syscall"-Aufruf springen soll.

Um das Register "IA32_LSTAR MSR" zu setzen, gibt es den Befehl "wrmsrl"

(Write MSR (long = 32 Bit)).

Offensichtlich ist das MSR ein Array, und "IA32_LSTAR" ist der Index.



zu 2.:

arch/x86/entry/common.c enthält die C-Funcktion do_syscall_64().

Diese enthält die Zeile "regs->ax = sys_call_table[nr](regs);", also den

Aufruf der Funktion, auf die ein Zeiger in der tabelle "sys_call_table"

an der Stelle "nr" gespeichert ist.



--> Weiter geht's mit dem Eintrag in sys_call_table,

    also mit der Implementation von sys_write().



Die Tabelle wird benutzt in der Funktion do_syscall_64():



  regs->ax = sys_call_table[nr](regs);



Wo wird die Funktion __x64_sys_write definiert?

Wenn man lange genug sucht, findet man: arch/x86/include/asm/syscall_wrapper.h

Dort steht eine kleine Funktion __x64_sys_write(), die ihrerseits eine Funktion

__se_sys_write() aufruft.



Der Präprozessor-Makro __SYSCALL_DEFINEx() wird über einen anderen Präprozessor-Makro

SYSCALL_DEFINEx() aufgerufen, der in include/linux/syscalls.h definiert wird

und seinerseits über SYSCALL_DEFINE3() aufgerufen wird, der ebenfalls in

include/linux/syscalls.h definiert wird.



Wenn man lange genug sucht, findet man: fs/read_write.c

SYSCALL_DEFINE3(write, unsigned int, fd, const char __user *, buf, size_t, count)



Dort wird eine Funktion definiert, die ihrerseits eine Funktion ksys_write() aufruft.

Diese enthält:



  ret = vfs_write(f.file, buf, count, &pos);



Hier passiert das eigentliche Schreiben.



Ebenfalls in fs/read_write.c:



  ssize_t vfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *pos)



Diese ruft auf:



  ret = __vfs_write(file, buf, count, pos);



Ebenfalls in fs/read_write.c:



  ssize_t __vfs_write(struct file *file, const char __user *p, size_t count, loff_t *pos)



Diese ruft auf:



  if (file->f_op->write) return file->f_op->write(file, p, count, pos);



:-)



Jetzt fehlt nur noch: Wie bekommt f_op->write den Wert, den das Modul hinterlegt hat?



Der Funktion wird ein Parameter "file" übergeben.

Dies ist eine "struct file", die u.a. ein Feld "f_op" enthält,

das auf ein weiteres struct mit Callback-Funktionen zeigt.



Wie kommen die "richtigen" Callback-Funktionen dort hinein?

Eigentlich müßte dies bei register_chrdev() passieren.

Schauen wir uns daher an, was register_chrdev() eigentlich macht.



Dies ist definiert in include/linux/fs.h und ruft die Funktion

__register_chrdev() auf.



Diese wiederum ist definiert in fs/char_dev.c.

Sie alloziert eine cdev-Struktur und speichert darin die fops.

Die cdev-Struktur wird dann mittels cdev_add() in eine Liste eingefügt.

Hierfür ruft cdev_add() die Funktion kobj_map() auf.

Diese Funktion wird in drivers/base/map.c definiert

und legt die cdev-Struktur in einer Hash-Tabelle ab.

Der letzte Parameter "data" ist dabei der Zeiger auf die cdev-Strutur,

die auch die fops enthält.



Wie kommen nun die fops von der Hash-Tabelle aus in die file-Struktur?



Vermutung: Dies geschieht beim Öffnen der Datei.



In fs/open.c gibt es eine Funktion vfs_open().

Diese sucht den zur Datei gehörenden inode heraus und ruft damit do_dentry_open() auf.



Theorie der Dateisysteme: Dateien werden durch "inodes" repräsentiert.



include/linux/fs.h: Definition "inode"



  Die "struct inode" enthält ein Datenfeld "i_rdev", in dem die Major- und Minor-Nr.

  der Gerätedatei gemeinsam gespeichert sind.



  --> Sobald wir einen inode kennen, kennen wir Major- und Minor-Nr. der Gerätedatei.



do_dentry_open() schreibt den inode in die file-Struktur,

holt die fops aus dem inode und legt sie direkt in der file-Struktur ab.



# Das einzige, was jetzt noch fehlt: Wie kommen die fops in den inode?

20220502/bs-20220502.txt

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Dateisysteme, 02.05.2022, 12:45:10

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

FAT-Dateisysteme: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table

20220502/filesystems-1.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> mount /media/usb1/

Sie haben Post in /var/mail/peter.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> ls -l /media/usb1/

insgesamt 0

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> echo "Dies ist ein Test." > /media/usb1/test.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> ls -l /media/usb1/

insgesamt 4

-rwxr-xr-x 1 peter peter 19 Mai  2 12:46 test.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> cat /media/usb1/test.txt

Dies ist ein Test.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> umount /media/usb1

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> ls -l /media/usb1/

insgesamt 0

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502>

20220502/filesystems-10.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> ls -l /dev/zero

crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 5 Mär 15 18:48 /dev/zero

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> cat /dev/zero | hexdump -C | head -20

^C

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> dd if=/dev/zero bs=1024 count=1 | hexdump -C

00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|

1+0 Datensätze ein

1+0 Datensätze aus

*

00000400

1024 bytes (1,0 kB, 1,0 KiB) copied, 6,6155e-05 s, 15,5 MB/s

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502>

20220502/filesystems-11.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> cat /dev/zero > /dev/sdb

bash: /dev/sdb: Keine Berechtigung

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502> sudo cat /dev/zero > /dev/sdb

bash: /dev/sdb: Keine Berechtigung

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502>

20220502/filesystems-12.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# dd if=/dev/sdb bs=1024 count=1024 | hexdump -C     00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|

*

00100000

1024+0 Datensätze ein

1024+0 Datensätze aus

1048576 bytes (1,0 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 0,121808 s, 8,6 MB/s

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# mount /media/usb1/

mount: /media/usb1: special device /dev/sdb1 does not exist.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# mount /media/usb0

mount: /media/usb0: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502#

20220502/filesystems-13.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# ls -l /dev/sdb*

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 16 Mai  2 13:22 /dev/sdb

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# echo "Dies ist ein Test." > /dev/sdb

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# dd if=/dev/sdb bs=1024 count=1024 | hexdump -C

00000000  44 69 65 73 20 69 73 74  20 65 69 6e 20 54 65 73  |Dies ist ein Tes|

00000010  74 2e 0a 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |t...............|

00000020  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  |................|

*

00100000

1024+0 Datensätze ein

1024+0 Datensätze aus

1048576 bytes (1,0 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 0,123712 s, 8,5 MB/s

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502#

20220502/filesystems-16.txt

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cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# cp -pi ../common/os-layers-5.jpg /media/usb0/

cp: der Eigentümer für '/media/usb0/os-layers-5.jpg' konnte nicht beibehalten werden: Die Operation ist nicht erlaubt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# ls -l ../common/os-layers-5.jpg

-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 54499 Mai  4  2015 ../common/os-layers-5.jpg

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502# ls -l /media/usb0/

insgesamt 68

drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Mai  2 14:03 .

drwxr-xr-x 17 root root  4096 Dez  4  2020 ..

-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root 54499 Mai  4  2015 os-layers-5.jpg

-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root    19 Mai  2 13:30 test.txt

cassini/home/peter/bo/2022ss/bs/20220502#

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